История экономики. Цивилизация христианского Запада в эпоху Средневековья. Основные черты и этапы развития экономики (самое важное)

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История экономики. Цивилизация христианского Запада в эпоху Средневековья. Основные черты и этапы развития экономики (самое важное)

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13. Civilization of the Christian West in the Middle Ages. The main features and stages of economic development

A characteristic feature of the emerging Western European states was that their economy was to some extent based on feudal relations. The predominant form of management was large landed property, concentrated in the hands of the feudal lords. Personally dependent peasants worked on their farms. The peasants received land allotments from the feudal lords on the condition that they would give part of the crop to them in the form quitrent, as well as the duties of the peasants included working out corvée. Thus, feudal ownership of land assumed the existence of two owners - the feudal lord and the peasant. The feudal lord had the right to receive rent, the peasant had the right to dispose of the land granted to him, he could inherit it and even sell it, and the buyer also had the obligation to pay the rent.

In such countries as Byzantium, Italy, Spain, France, where the influence of Ancient Rome was especially felt, feudalism was the natural successor to slavery. On the territory of these countries, the columns were further transformed into dependent peasants, and large-scale landownership appeared in economic forms inherited from the Roman latifundists. At the same time, on the territory of Western Europe, the process of decomposition of the rural community was taking place, gradually giving way to feudal relations. The state, with the help of military squads, destroyed the community and contributed to the enslavement of the peasants.

In the Scandinavian countries, as well as in Germany, England, the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, where the influence of the Roman Empire was not so strong, the formation of the feudal economy took place on the basis of the internal decomposition of the community and the gradual emergence of private property in it.

The main form of relationship in that period was feudal rent, which came to the disposal of landowners. At the first stages it was dominated labor rent (corvée), later rent in kind (rent), at later stages - cash rent.

The development of the Western European economy of the era of feudalism can be divided into three stages.

The first one is Early Middle Ages (VX century) when the formation of large feudal property took place, the foundations of future state formations were laid. This period is characterized by feudal fragmentation and internecine wars of kings and feudal lords.

Agriculture in the economy played a predominant, leading role compared to trade and handicrafts. This time was characterized by a subsistence type of economy, the weak development of trade relations, and the widespread use of manual labor.

The second stage, called High Middle Ages (XI-XV centuries), was characterized by the fact that feudal relations reached their peak. In this era, in addition to agriculture, crafts and trade in cities also successfully developed, and large centralized states were formed.

At the third stage (in the XVI-XVII centuries), during the period Late Middle Ages, the feudal economy was decomposing, the foundations of a market economy were being created, the colonial system and the world market were being formed.

Christianity and the Christian Church play a special role in the history and economy of Europe. The church at that time assumed a number of economic functions, had a great influence on the development of cities in Western Europe. The city was reborn around the episcopal centers and soon the urban structure spread everywhere, as Europe was divided into dioceses and there were many episcopal centers.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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