69. Newly industrialized countries: Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Korea, Singapore

Newly industrialized countries - this is a group of developing countries that have completed over the last decades of the 20th century. leap in economic development.

Industrially developed countries began to move labor-intensive industries to Asia, create enterprises for the production of components, individual semiconductor devices and integrated circuits. As a result, by the 80s. XNUMXth century in Asia, "new industrial countries" or "Asian dragons" appeared - Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, which supplied electronics, telecommunications, high-quality cars, etc. to world markets. The cheapness of labor in these countries makes their products competitive.

A little later, new industrial countries of the second generation appeared. Their characteristic feature is that although most of their population is still employed in agriculture, the volume of industrial production and the export of industrial products are growing rapidly. In Latin America, such states include Venezuela, Colombia, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay.

Over the years of independent development Taiwan made significant progress in the economy. This was facilitated by the liquidation in 1949-1953. landownership, US assistance in industrialization. From the 60s. the process of economic development was accelerated by the encouragement of the state of the private sector and the influx of foreign capital. Taiwan has evolved from an agrarian state into an industrial one with a highly developed agriculture.

Hong Kong also belongs to the four "Asian dragons", which account for 40% of the industrial exports of developing countries. Clothing, electronics, watches, toys are the main exports from Hong Kong.

Economy Malaysia It occupies an important place in the world economy, accounting for about 50% of the world rubber production and 40% of tin. The investors of the Malaysian economy were England, the USA and Japan.

Korea a course was taken towards the development of a "managed capitalist economy", which meant that the state encouraged the creation of manufacturing industries and other industries that could replace imports of products from other countries. For this purpose, foreign capital, both American and Japanese, was attracted. From the 70s. export-oriented economy developed intensively. Some of the large factories and plants belonged to the state, some - to monopolies, such as the world-famous Samsung, Hyundai and others, whose products, microelectronics, automation and computer science, televisions, cars successfully compete on world markets with goods from the United States, Japan and Western Europe. The competitiveness of South Korean goods is explained not only by their good qualities, but also by their lower cost and high labor productivity.

Over the years of development in the newly industrialized countries, the structure of exports has changed. The share of raw materials and foodstuffs in it has fallen significantly, while the share of machinery and equipment has increased. Most of these countries have reached the level of the industrialized countries of the world in the export of cars.

Gradually, industrial exports are also growing in the newly industrialized countries of Latin America, Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina: in their share in the late 1990s. accounted for about 20% of industrial exports.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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