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46. Agrarian reform P.A. Stolypin
The aggravation of the agrarian question at the beginning of the 1902th century (peasant uprisings in XNUMX and in the first revolution) led to a change in the government's agrarian policy.
The reform was preceded manifesto November 03, 1905 on the abolition of redemption payments from January 01, 1906 by half, and from January 01, 1907 in full.
The initiator of the reform was the Chairman of the Council of Ministers P.A. Stolypin. The main goal of agrarian reform P.A. Stolypin was the destruction of the community and the provision of land to the peasants in private ownership. Stolypin believed that, having become the full owner of the land, the peasant would work with great diligence, strive to increase productivity in order to feed himself and sell the surplus. Stolypin hoped to create a layer of prosperous peasantry in the countryside, which should become a reliable support for monarchical power.
Started the reforms Decree of November 09, 1906, according to which the peasants received the right to leave the community with the consolidation of the part of the communal land due to them into personal ownership. Leaving the community was made as easy as possible - the consent of the community meeting was not required. The decree was discussed in the III State Duma and became law on June 14, 1910.
The second line of reform was resettlement policy. On March 9, 1906, the tsar approved the regulation of the Council of Ministers "On the procedure for applying the law of 1904", which introduced freedom of resettlement. This measure was supposed to solve the problem of land shortage in the European part and promote the economic development of distant territories (beyond the Urals, in Siberia and Kazakhstan).
Settlers were exempted from taxes for a long time, received a plot of land, cash benefits, men were exempted from military service.
The reform was designed for at least 20 years.
The number of peasants who moved in 1904-1914 from the central regions of the country beyond the Urals amounted to 3 million people. However, in organizational terms, the process of resettlement was poorly prepared, because of which the flow of "reverse" migrants grew.
Economic stimulation of the reform was carried out Peasant Land Bank. The Peasant Bank acquired land from landowners and sold it to peasants, encouraging by providing benefits the creation of cutting and farmstead farms. In addition, the Peasant Bank financed the resettlement movement.
The reform remained unfinished. After the assassination of Stolypin in 1911, the reform began to be curtailed, and with the outbreak of the First World War it was discontinued.
The agrarian reform did not solve all the tasks assigned to it. The community was not completely destroyed, about 25% of the peasants left it. The tension of the peasants remained, they considered the reform fair, since it did not affect the landlords' land ownership.
However, the reform provided some economic gains:
1) the area of agricultural land has expanded and the gross grain harvest has increased;
2) further specialization of agriculture continued and its intensification increased;
3) the industry associated with agriculture is developing - sugar, flour milling, wine.
Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.
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