History of Economics. Modern scientific and technological revolution (STR) (the most important)

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History of Economics. Modern scientific and technological revolution (STR) (the most important)

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65. Modern scientific and technological revolution (NTR)

The twentieth century is called the era of scientific and technological progress. Under his influence, great changes took place in material culture and in the minds of people. Scientific and technological progress tends to wave-like development. The most significant and large-scale leaps forward, as a result of which science and production underwent qualitative transformations, are called scientific and technological revolutions (STR).

NTR is characterized by:

1) qualitative transformation of all elements of production forces;

2) an increase in the interaction of sciences, an integrated approach to the study of complex problems;

3) the fusion of science and technology, science and production;

4) increasing the importance of information activities;

5) an increase in the level of education and culture of the population.

Scientific and technological revolution is characterized by the accelerated development of science-intensive industries (instrument making, electrical industry, electronic engineering, etc.), which contributes to strengthening the material and technical base of scientific organizations and opens up new opportunities in the development of natural science and technical knowledge.

Home first scientific and technological revolution refer to 50-60s XX century. In the process of the first scientific and technological revolution, the energy of the atom began to be purposefully mastered; quantum electronics was developed, which made it possible to create laser technology and electronic energy converters; the first computers were invented. The highest achievement of the first scientific and technological revolution was space exploration.

In agriculture, there was a "green revolution" - an unprecedented rise in productivity due to the use of pesticides and herbicides. But the first scientific and technological revolution also carried negative consequences.

In the conditions of the "cold war" there was an accumulation of atomic, thermonuclear, bacteriological and chemical weapons. In addition, the achievements of science and technology were used to improve "traditional" types of weapons. All this could lead to the third world war. Environmental issues are also of great importance.

Second NTRcovering last quarter of the XNUMXth century, is of a different nature and is trying to overcome the negative consequences of the first scientific and technological revolution. One of the most important tasks now is the conservation of natural resources.

The main directions of the second scientific and technological revolution are the development of such industries as microelectronics, biotechnology and informatics.

Modern science is trying to master new sources of energy: solar, wind, energy of sea and ocean tides. Low-waste and non-waste technologies are being mastered, allowing the production process to be carried out at minimal cost. The development of microelectronics makes it possible to significantly reduce the size of machines and energy consumption, and reduce the cost of products.

In agriculture, the problem of the production of environmentally friendly products becomes a priority.

Computer technologies are being improved. The demand for computers is constantly growing. In many countries, personal computers have already firmly entered the life of the population along with household appliances.

Information technologies are also being improved. All spheres of society's life are connected with the latest types of communications (telecommunications, satellite communications, e-mail, cellular communications, etc.).

However, it should be remembered that scientific and technological progress does not spread uniformly across all regions of the world. Favorable conditions for its development exist only in leading countries. Scientific and technological progress depends on the general level of social and material well-being of society.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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