28. Formation of an industrial civilization. The industrial revolution and its aftermath

Under industrial revolution (or industrial revolution) understand the transition from an economic system based on agricultural production to an industrial-type economy.

According to the Marxist approach, industrial revolution - this is a historical period during which the transition from manual labor to machine labor was carried out and the establishment of factory production on the scale of the national economy. There are two aspects of the industrial revolution: technical - the transition from manual labor to machine and social - the formation of social classes associated with factory production (wage workers and the bourgeoisie).

Late XNUMXth-early XNUMXth century the time when the industrial revolution took place in most of Europe. A stage in the development of the economy begins, which is called industrial, or machine. This name indicates that machines are increasingly being introduced into production and are replacing manual labor. Machines are turning into a kind of value in itself, the machine industry occupies an important place in the life of society, determining its economic well-being, military potential, and international status. Dynamics, technical progress are the basis of the life of a new type of civilization.

The ever-increasing speed of technological progress is only possible thanks to the gradually forming close alliance between machine industry and science oriented towards practical ends.

The industrial revolution had the following consequences:

1) the industrial revolution made factory production the leading one. Mass production turned the worker into an appendage of the machine. This was clearly manifested at the beginning of the XNUMXth century, when G. Ford introduced the conveyor at his automobile plants in the USA. The level of labor productivity rose sharply, but labor was mechanized to the limit;

2) factory technology and the associated sharp increase in the volume of production went hand in hand with changes in the production of raw materials, machinery, transportation methods, etc. That is, there is a chain reaction. The development of machine production causes the need for the production of machines themselves, a new branch is developing - mechanical engineering. Thus, industrial production began to be divided into two groups: group "A" - the production of means of production and group "B" - the production of consumer goods;

3) technical changes in production were reshaping the market. It was no longer consumer demand that pushed the development of production, but the factory production of goods required the expansion of markets and gradually formed demand;

4) the industrial revolution required large investments. Entrepreneurs, wanting to quickly recoup the costs of introducing machines, lengthened the working day without raising wages. The situation of the working people worsened, they began to wage an economic, and later political struggle;

5) one of the negative results of the technical revolution was industrial crises - periods during which entrepreneurs could not sell their products. They were called overproduction crises;

6) new technical inventions and scientific discoveries led to the development of little-known industries and the creation of new, hitherto unknown ones. In the second half of the XIX century. the importance of the oil industry has risen sharply. Last third of the XNUMXth century became the era of the development of electricity, which gave production a new energy base. New industries emerged: electrochemistry and electrometallurgy. Advances in chemistry made possible the rapid development of the chemical industry: the production of dyes, artificial fertilizers, synthetic and explosives began.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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