44. Socio-economic policy at the turn of the century. Russian reformer S.Yu. Witte.

Having ascended the throne, Emperor Nicholas II declared the succession of the direction of his father Alexander III. During his reign, among statesmen there were several persons with a reformist mindset, one of these figures was S.Yu. Witte (1849-1915), possessing economic organizational and reform abilities, and he was also a talented financier.

They were held stabilization of the financial system Russia, since by 1890 it was not stable, the rate of paper money was constantly declining, and gold and silver coins disappeared from monetary circulation, and there was also high inflation in the country. Russia needed a transition to the gold standard, which interested both domestic and foreign manufacturers, giving them a guarantee of stability in business activities. It was necessary to introduce metal money instead of paper money. But for such changes it was necessary to have a sufficient gold reserve of the country, to the formation of which the Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte. The accumulation of gold in the State Bank was due to an active foreign trade balance and external loans, and high indirect taxes were introduced, in the form of excises on consumer goods.

In the country in 1895 g. was introduced wine monopoly, as a result of which at the beginning of the XX century. 148 wine warehouses were built everywhere, which increased the revenues of the treasury.

Based on the measures taken, the ruble was stabilized, and the country was ready to implement monetary reform. In late 19th century. was accepted Law "On the minting and release of gold coins". The monetary reform made it possible to increase the influx of domestic and foreign capital into the country's economy, which made it possible by the end of the century to move from an agricultural country to an agrarian-industrial power of a medium level of development.

Special attention to S.Yu. Witte gave railway construction, in 1898, about 3 thousand miles of railways were built, which increased in the subsequent years of service of this Minister of Finance.

Agricultural sector of the economy for this reformer was an important issue, since he understood that in order to increase the size of the domestic market, it is necessary to increase the demand of the main part of the population, i.e. peasantry, by creating private landownership in place of the communal one.

В 1902 g. headed by S.Yu. Witte was approved meeting to determine agricultural needs, which was engaged in the revision of laws relating to peasants. Provincial and district committees were formed that analyzed agricultural production, as well as developed measures to improve the social life of peasants.

Industry in the country developed at the turn of the century through the use of backward agriculture, which was taxed. AT 1890 g. happened mass ejection of the peasant populationwhich had no place either in cities or in villages. This layer of society became the basis for the revolutionary movement. At the beginning January 1905. took place in St. Petersburg mass demonstration, which turned to the king with a petition to improve the welfare of the workers, as a result of which over two thousand people were killed. It was necessary to find a compromise between the government, the emperor and the revolutionary movement. In the second half 1905 g. S.Yu. Witte participated in the development Manifesto "On the Improvement of State Power", according to which the population was given the right to personal integrity, conscience, freedom of speech and press, etc. Censorship was abolished, workers' wages were increased and the working day was shortened.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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