30. Industrialization in France and Germany

industrial revolution in France began in the 20s and 30s.

Industry in France developed in a slightly different direction and at a slower pace than in England. But here, too, technical thought did not stand still. Since 1805 by 1810 a machine for the production of patterned silk fabrics, a flax spinning machine, as well as the technology of industrial canning of products were invented.

However, the industrial revolution in France is considered incomplete, unsuccessful compared to the English.

This is due to the peculiarities of the development of the French economy during this period.

1. A significant part of the industry was focused on the production of luxury (perfumes, furniture, tapestries). These goods were produced individually and required manual processing. In addition, French industrialists had cheap labor.

2. Due to the agrarian overpopulation of the country. Therefore, small workshops and manufactories dominated the industry, the most developed was the manufacturing sector of industry.

3. The main branch of the economy was agriculture. The agricultural sector employed 75% of the population. Most of the farms were small and their owners could not use the technical improvements.

4. Banking capital flourished in the country. In its concentration, France was ahead of other countries. In the sphere of usury, capital accumulated more slowly, and did not always pass into the sphere of production. In France, a special type of bourgeois has become widespread - not an industrialist-entrepreneur, but a rentier living on income from securities.

During the XNUMXth century, France remained an agrarian-industrial country in terms of its economic structure. At the beginning of the XNUMXth century, there was a revival in the industry of France, as the production of automobiles began to develop successfully, but the overall lag was very noticeable, especially from Germany.

The beginning of the industrial revolution in Germany attributed to the 30s of the XIX century.

Since in Germany until 1871. feudal fragmentation was preserved, and the emancipation of the peasants was not completed, the pace of the industrial revolution was slow. Germany had to solve a difficult task: to eliminate the remnants of feudalism and to choose a "catching up" pace of development.

By the middle of the XNUMXth century, the course of the industrial revolution accelerated, which was influenced by the following factors:

1) the formation of the Customs Union in 1833, which at first united only part of the German states, and then others joined it;

2) in 1848, a bourgeois revolution swept Germany, which ended with a compromise agreement between the feudal lords and the bourgeoisie. Feudal relations were gradually eliminated, but Germany still remained a semi-feudal country;

3) the process of emancipation of the peasants was completed by the middle of the century and gave impetus to the development of industry.

The rapid leap forward in half a century has turned Germany into a strong capitalist power. At the beginning of the XNUMXth century, it moved into first place in Europe in terms of industrial production, in which the leading positions were occupied by ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering and the chemical industry. Particular growth was observed in heavy industry, which was due to a large number of military orders.

Agriculture in Germany developed along a different path than the "farm" path, which was called "Prussian" or "Junker". Its essence was that large landholdings were transformed into capitalist farms, on which the latest achievements of science and technology were introduced centrally (steam plows, cultivators, threshers, etc. were used).

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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