40. Reforms of 1860-1870 and their consequences

After the agrarian reform in the country, transformations in respect of local government. Until the reign of Alexander II, self-government bodies had a class character. Constantly developing market relations contributed to reforms in the formation of management structures, consisting of all estates to transform the feudal monarchy into a bourgeois one, which could adapt the country's political system to the new economic conditions.

Early 1864 years new was approvedRegulations on provinces and county zemstvo institutions", according to which classless, election-based local governments were created, called zemstvos, whose members were elected for three years. They consisted of administrative and executive bodies, respectively of district and provincial zemstvo assemblies and councils.

The next reform in Russia was urban reform, according to the “City Regulations”, which were published in 1870, cities were established system of elected city government. In place of class city administrations, a city ​​council led by city ​​council, representatives who were elected for four years.

The right to vote belonged to citizens with high property status, such as merchants, industrialists, wealthy homeowners, officials and bankers. City councils and councils were supposed to resolve issues of improvement, health care, education, local trade, law enforcement, etc.

С 1864 years started judicial reform, according to which was approved unclassified and public court, with the participation in it of jurors, as well as lawyers and confrontation of the parties. On the basis of universal equality before the law was formed unified system of judicial institutions.

Education reform was held in 1860 years. Began to be created in cities elementary public schoolsand also started their activities real schoolswho paid more attention to the study of natural sciences, mathematics and the acquisition of skills in technical practice. In these educational institutions, students were prepared for entering technical institutions, and did not provide the right to enter universities.

В 1863 year was re-created university charter, which consolidated the partial autonomy of universities and the rules for the election of rectors and deans, etc. The first women's educational institutions in 1869.

Military reform was carried out between 1860 to 1870. It was necessary because of the defeat in the Crimean War. The term of military service was reduced to 12 years, and then corporal punishment was abolished. 15 military districts were formed, each headed by its own department, which was subordinate only to the ministry. Simultaneously with the reforms in military educational institutions, they began to create cadet schoolstraining junior officers, and military academieswho trained the middle and senior command staff.

There was cancellations in 1874 recruiting and introduced classless general military service, covering the entire male population who have reached 20 years of age. In the ground forces, the period of military service was 6 years and 9 years in the reserve, in the navy 7 and 3 years, respectively. The period of active military service depended on the level of education, so for those who received higher education it was equal to six months, for those who graduated from the gymnasium 1 years, primary school - 5 years

Historically, not a single conceived and ongoing reform in the country has been brought to full completion. So many of the reforms of Alexander II remained unfinished, but they were still called Great Reforms.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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