История экономики. Развитие реформ в 1993-1994 годах (самое важное)

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История экономики. Развитие реформ в 1993-1994 годах (самое важное)

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78. Development of reforms in 1993-1994

In mid-1993, reform progress was slow. The Central Bank of Russia unexpectedly carried out exchange of banknotes, which were released in the USSR and Russia before 1993, with new ones. This exchange was carried out without the consent of the Ministry of Finance. This desire of the Central Bank of Russia was explained by the fact that it was necessary to separate the money supply that was in circulation within the former republics of the USSR. The exchange of banknotes was carried out in a short time, which led to the formation of huge queues at savings banks. After the intervention of the country's president, the terms of the exchange were extended, but the population's trust in members of the government was undermined.

One of the hard results of the reforms was the adoption at the end of the summer 1993 years Supreme Council state budget with a 25% deficit, and there was also an increase in the amount of government loans for the next quarter.

Members of the government disagreed, which led to a critical situation, as a result of which the president of the country was forced to September 1993 years issued decreein which it was decided dissolve the Supreme Soviet and the Congress of People's Deputies. One of the reasons for issuing such a decree was the legislature, which prevented the implementation of economic reforms and interference in the activities of the government by deputies, by creating confusion in resolving various issues. Before the president was two ways, one of which was signing of the budget law, Thus, violated the constitution, and the second was reduced to the dissolution of parliament. The second path was chosen, as a result of which the deputies decided not to leave the parliament building. With the use of military force, the "White House" was taken by storm, which gave rise to a new stage in the development of Russia.

E. Gaidar was returned to the place of Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economy. AT end of 1993 year was implemented full liberalization of the agricultural sector of the economy and changed grain prices. Was published presidential decree on private ownership of land, and in September they stopped issuing preferential loans, and The Central Bank increased the refinancing rate, by establishing a real interest rate from November this year. Inflation rates began to decline, which contributed to macroeconomic stabilization.

According to the new election law 12 December 1993 g. elections to the State Duma were held in the country, as a result of which the Council of the Federation and accepted The Constitution of the Russian Federation. The approval of the new Constitution made it possible to change the socio-political structure of the state, to establish the separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial. The stage of liberalism and the predominance of the communist system were completed.

Due to the lack of votes E. Gaidar and B. Fedorov decided to to retireThus, in government the positions of industrial deputies prevailed.

В 1994 dynamics of the ruble exchange rate constantly decreased, so unexpected it the fall occurred in September by 20%, at first October by 17% and middle of this month emerged collapse of the ruble, the day named black tuesday. Over the course of two days, the rate was raised, and the devaluation of the ruble was constantly maintained.

In the period 1991-1993 yyy. was due collapse of the ruble zonethat arose on the basis of the dissolution of the USSR. In 1991, 15 Central Banks were formed, which could increase the money supply by issuing ruble loans. As a result of the non-recognition of Russia's leading position in this area by independent countries, it became necessary to divide the ruble zone and form its own currency in each republic.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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