68. Shifts towards a post-industrial society. Globalization and separatism

Post-industrial society (or post-industrial civilization) is a stage of social development that replaced industrial civilization, which was entered by the leading industrial countries of the world in the last quarter of the XNUMXth century.

The main features of a post-industrial society:

1) formation of a computer-technological structure of production. The basis of production is knowledge-intensive, resource-saving, waste-free technologies;

2) minimization of human physical labor in the production process, activation of creative abilities, mental costs;

3) development of small and medium-sized businesses, an increase in the role of small enterprises and their "soft" forms of association (associations, commercial and industrial groups), deconcentration (downsizing) of production;

4) the process of deurbanization - the outflow of the population from cities. This allowed workers in metropolitan areas not to suffer from overcrowding, air pollution, an overabundance of transport and other problems, since they prefer to live in suburbs remote from large cities.

The formation of a post-industrial society is a complex, uneven process riddled with contradictions. These are the contradictions between man and modern technology in the social, economic and psychological aspects, the conflict between the trend towards globalization and the traditional principles of national-state sovereignty.

Globalization - the process of increasing the integrity of the world. Many scientists see globalization as a sign of the beginning of the formation of a single planetary civilization.

Throughout the XNUMXth century, economic, political, cultural ties between different countries became more and more strong. The interdependence of all countries, which today can no longer lead an isolated existence, has noticeably increased.

The process of globalization entails:

1) the formation of a world economy system with a "division of labor" between countries and continents;

2) creation of the world market.

World market it is a single set of international trade-money, trade-economic and credit-financial relations of countries;

3) the growing role of regional economic unions (such as the European Union);

4) strengthening the authority of international organizations (UN, UNESCO, etc.); intensive exchange of scientific knowledge and cultural values.

At the present stage of development of the world economy, new directions of its progress have appeared:

1) international cooperation of states is built on the basis of their material interest. Now the former non-economic coercion of countries and peoples is excluded;

2) the global market space is expanding. Many economically backward countries that had natural or semi-natural production are moving to market relations;

3) all forms of economic relations between countries are developing. Economic relations between countries are becoming more diverse and include not only foreign trade, but also the exchange of scientific and technical information, international credit and foreign investment, currency relations, integration, the movement of labor from one country to another, etc.

4) The reverse side of the globalization process is world wars, major economic crises, the danger of using weapons of mass destruction, etc.

The process of globalization is opposed by the opposite trend - the separatist one.

Separatism - the desire for secession, isolation. The desire to secede is caused, as a rule, by the desire to preserve political, cultural, and religious independence. The collapse of the USSR and Yugoslavia, Islamic fundamentalism and other events are vivid examples of the manifestation of separatism.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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