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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
История экономики. Перестройка и ее итоги. Реформирование политической системы (самое важное)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) 74. Perestroika and its results. Reforming the political system The economic situation of the country has not improved since 1988, so the indicators of agricultural production were sharply reduced, and in 1990 the indicators of the industry, the country's budget deficit, external debt increased, inflation rates increased, the state's gold reserves decreased, and the level of oil production decreased. The economic downturn was affected by the huge military spending of the USSR, the number of military personnel per 1000 people was 15 people, and in the USA - 6 people, etc. The USSR produced more tanks, artillery pieces, submarines, missiles, and more than the United States. A large number of tons of fuel was spent on military needs, while it was not enough in the agricultural sector of the economy. According to official statistics, direct spending on armaments accounted for over 7% of the state budget, and together with indirect spending, less than half of the entire state budget. These military spending had a significant impact on the country's economy, since these funds were not directed to the development of agricultural production, housing construction, etc. As a result of the development of international relations, the Soviet government decided to measures to change foreign policy. The division into capitalism and communism was completed, with 1987 g. were concluded agreements with the United States on the destruction of weapons strategic purpose. Soviet troops were withdrawn from the territory of Afghanistan in 1989, at the same time, the withdrawal of troops from the countries of Eastern Europe began. In 1991, the Warsaw Pact organization was disbanded, and the question arose about the termination of the activities of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, which was dissolved as a result. In 1990, the Council of Ministers of the USSR decided to reconsider the issue of raising prices for products, which was followed by an immediate increase in demand for all goods, and there was a shortage everywhere. In the end 1990 early 1991. was introduced sales tax, equal to 5%, in order to replenish the state budget, which over time has decreased to a minimum. В agriculture was carried out Food programThus, the country's leadership insisted on increasing the level of investment in this industry, without discussing the issue of switching to new forms of management. Since 1989, the food deficit began to increase for food products, coupons, cards, coupons were introduced everywhere, regulating the distribution of necessary food products. In early 1991, humanitarian aid began to arrive from around the world. Thus was completed the introduction of the food program. Such programs were carried out in the housing sector, in the development of the production of consumer goods, as well as in the service sector. As a result of the growing economic difficulties, the country's leadership decided to reforming the political system of the USSR. В 1989-1990 g. passed elections of new authorities, formed Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, republican congresses, on the basis of which they were formed Supreme Soviets of the USSR and republics, arose republican congresses of people's deputies. In referendums in 1990-1991. the republican structure decided to leave the Soviet Union and acquire the status of sovereign states. Ethnic conflicts began to arise, in 1989 the workers' strike was held for the first time. The republics began to form their own budgets and reduce contributions to the Union budgets. This confrontation was especially manifested in relations between Russia and the USSR, after the approved in June 1990, Declaration of Sovereignty of the Russian Federation. Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A. << Back: The beginning of perestroika. 500 days program >> Forward: Attempts to transform the economy. V. Pavlov and monetary reform. The collapse of the USSR
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