История экономики. Центры мировой торговли XIII- XIV в. Появление и развитие банковской структуры (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

История экономики. Центры мировой торговли XIII- XIV в. Появление и развитие банковской структуры (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

15. Centers of world trade XIII-XIV centuries. The emergence and development of the banking structure

During the Middle Ages, there was a decline in cities, a reduction in trade relations. The reasons for the decline are devastating wars (the Hundred Years War between England and France - 1337-1453), massive epidemics (the plague, which was called the Black Death, swept across Europe in 1348-1350), crop failures and terrible famine (at the beginning of the XNUMXth century). .), peasant uprisings that swept Europe from Spain to Russia.

Even earlier - in the XI-XII centuries. The European economy experienced a long recession, which affected the lives of all strata. Merchants and artisans were losing their former incomes, and the urban population was declining.

Only gradually there is an increase in trade, the credit system is being revived. The centers of world trade are Italian cities - Florence, Venice, Pisa. These cities were the first in Europe to enter a period of great economic growth.

The following factors contributed to this:

1) a convenient geographical location at the intersection of land and sea routes from Europe to the Middle East;

2) high population density, early emancipation and stratification of the peasants, which ensures the flow of labor to the city, the growth of specialization and labor productivity;

3) a high degree of monetization of the urban economy.

The shopping centers of the north of Europe compete with the Italian trading cities. In the Baltic, the North Sea, the German Hansa, uniting almost two hundred cities. At the end of the XV century. leading positions are taken Amsterdam, London, other cities of the north, the center of Europe.

The development of international trade is accompanied by the improvement of the technique of monetary and commercial transactions. And here the Italian merchants, merchants, and bankers played a paramount role.

During the economic and political fragmentation, each of the feudal rulers had the right to mint their own coin. And often they issued incomplete money into circulation. Everyone who moved from one country to another, especially merchants engaged in international trade, had to carefully monitor the exchange rate and quality of metallic money. It is quite natural that money changers became the first bankers, they are also goldsmiths.

Money changers were primarily engaged in money trading. Merchants left money with them for safekeeping. And the custodians of funds began to provide them on credit, and also became intermediaries in the calculations, issuing bills of exchange to the owners of the money.

Large banking firms arose at the end of the XNUMXth - beginning of the XNUMXth century. in Florence, Venice. Firms combined trade in cloth with banking and usurious operations. The loan was provided at relatively high interest rates, reaching 20-40% per year. On deposits, Florentine firms paid an income of 6-7%.

The first banking companies began to conduct large operations, had representatives in the cities where the fairs were held. They enjoyed the patronage of kings and monarchs, to whom they provided loans. But rulers were often reluctant to repay loans, and banking houses did not always adhere to the strict rules necessary for conducting monetary transactions. Large banks failed, which affected many depositors, and governments began to regulate banking. To conduct banking operations, it was necessary to obtain a special permit, bankers were forbidden to engage in certain types of trading activities.

With the expansion of the scale of commercial and industrial operations, the problem of improving banking techniques and the problem of legislative restrictions on the level of interest charged for loans arose.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

<< Back: Crusades

>> Forward: Great geographical discoveries

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ History of the economy. Lecture notes

▪ Labor law. Crib

▪ Money, credit, banks. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Updated Specification for Lightning Connector 13.06.2014

Apple at the annual WWDC event presented an updated specification for the Lightning connector, which will allow third-party manufacturing companies under the MFi program to produce wired headsets and headphones connected to the Lightning port. Of course, in the nearest plans of Apple's management, it is unlikely that there will be a rejection of the classic audio jack in their mobile devices, however, the described solution will already be able to provide users with not just an alternative, but completely new opportunities and a transition to the next quality level.

Among the main advantages, in addition to the significantly increased bandwidth due to the new connection interface, was the expansion of control functionality, as well as the possibility of additional charging, in which a separately built-in battery in massive on-ear headphones, popular among young people, could transfer charge to the battery of a smartphone with an apple logo.

Instead of the standard 3,5mm jack that is ubiquitous in all mobile electronics today, a Lightning connection will give an edge to third party products and sound quality. The transmission of digital audio content with a sampling frequency of 48 kHz will now become available. One of the reasons potential users might opt for a direct Lightning port connection for iOS mobile devices is the flexibility and depth of control over Apple-branded services like iTunes Radio.

"If your headphones have built-in noise cancellation, you will now be able to launch an app on your iOS mobile device that will interact with your headset and provide you with detailed information about its operation and additional settings," - said one of the authorized representatives of the company Apple.

Other interesting news:

▪ Meditation speeds up the brain

▪ Deadly danger of apples

▪ Eating at night is dangerous for the brain

▪ The world's largest battery

▪ Fire-fighting eco-gel

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ site section Power regulators, thermometers, heat stabilizers. Article selection

▪ article by Ludovico Ariosto. Famous aphorisms

▪ article Which athlete started training at 23 and won medals at the next Olympics? Detailed answer

▪ article Editing the cutting tool. home workshop

▪ article Voice control of equipment. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Dragonfly on the tip of a pencil. Focus Secret

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews