История экономики. Нарастание кризисных явлений в экономике (самое важное)

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История экономики. Нарастание кризисных явлений в экономике (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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52. Growing crisis phenomena in the economy

The rapid development of market relations could not mitigate the regulation of economic processes by the state, since the activity of many elements of the market was allowed, i.e. there was free trade, monetary relations were carried out, and the state retained the rights to manage industry, transport, banks and foreign trade. At this time, it was assumed that the socialist sector would exist for a long period of time with non-socialist ways, and it should also gradually eliminate the rest of the ways from the economic activity of the state.

NEP, according to V.I. Lenin, was a direction towards socialism, and believed that the proletarian revolution would be the winner in the developed Western states. He always emphasized that it is necessary to have appropriate legal justifications in case of termination of any contracts with domestic and foreign entrepreneurs. The necessity of this fact was in state control over the private sector.

The main direction of the economic development of the state in that period of time was restoration and intensive activity of large industrial enterprises, which was the main basis for Soviet power in a peasant country, as well as the foundation for strengthening the country’s defense. Large funds were needed for industrial development; they could only be obtained by establishing taxes on agricultural products and implementing an appropriate pricing policy.

At the same time, the Soviet government tried to regulate the ratio of economic growth, but as a result, a disproportion arose in practice, i.e. given price policy led to inequivalence of commodity exchange between the village and the city, since huge funds were withdrawn from the village.

Trusts and syndicates, having an oligopolistic position in the domestic market, could make big profits by setting monopoly high prices even with a decrease in production volumes, which was one of the reasons for the current situation in the country.

В 1923 year emerged sales crisis, due to the high yield of the year and the lack of desire of peasants to sell grain at reduced prices, since they could not recoup production costs. As a result, they were unable to purchase industrial goods, which were in abundance in warehouses and stores. The peasants began to delay the delivery of grain under the tax in kind; peasant uprisings arose in some territories, suppressed by the Soviet government, which again needed to make concessions to them.

For 1924-1925 yyy. were typical changes in pricing policy, namely, the right to lease land and hire workers was given. During this period, there was a transition to monetary taxation of the peasants, which as a result contributed to their greater freedom in economic development.

But at the same time, the situation in the countryside was tense, since the Soviet government pursued a social policy in the agrarian sector of the economy, by supporting the poor-middle peasant households. They were granted preferential loans, taxes were reduced or canceled, they were provided with seeds and working livestock, inventory, but this did little to help these farms. At the same time, the Soviet government held back the development of kulak farms, i.e. wealthy peasants, through the implementation of egalitarian redistribution of land and the withdrawal of its surplus, which ultimately contributed to the division of farms, reducing work efficiency and reducing productivity. The result of this policy was the decline at the end of 1920 of the marketability of peasant farms.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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