45. The development of industry and trade in Russia in the second half of the XIX century

After the abolition of serfdom, the industrial revolution in Russia entered a decisive stage.

The industry was funded by both private individuals and the state. Joint-stock banks were created for lending. Foreign capital from England, France, Germany was invested, as a rule, in heavy industry.

Growth rates of extractive and heavy industries in 60-90s were the highest in the world.

The number of machine-building plants that produced machine tools, steam locomotives, and agricultural machines grew rapidly. During these years, two largest Russian machine-building plants were built: the Putilov plant in St. Petersburg and the transport machine-building plant in Kolomna.

Of particular importance for the Russian economy was the construction of railways. New lines connected the industrial areas with each other. Also, railway construction increased the demand for products of the metallurgical and engineering industries and caused a boom in coal. In the 1870s, the construction of new mines and mining enterprises began in the Donbass.

During this period, the class of the industrial and commercial bourgeoisie grew significantly. Among the major entrepreneurs were people from the merchant class, peasants and nobles. In 1863, officials were allowed to combine public service with business activities.

In the 70s and 80s, organizations of industrialists appeared:

1) Council of Congresses of Industrialists of the South of Russia (1874);

2) Council of congresses of miners of the Ural region (1880);

3) Council of Congresses of Baku oil owners.

The abolition of serfdom led to the rapid growth of the wage-working class. Due to the absence of special labor legislation, a strict regime of exploitation of hired labor was established at enterprises. This led to the fact that the workers began to organize strikes, especially at large enterprises, demanding higher wages and better working conditions. In response to the labor movement, the government issued a series of laws regulating labor relations: "On the restriction of the work of minors and the establishment of supervision over their occupations" (1882), "On the prohibition of night work for minors and women in factories and manufactories" (1885). ), "On the supervision of the establishments of the factory industry and on the mutual relations of manufacturers and workers" (1886).

The development of industry and the improvement of the transport system contributed to the development of trade.

A characteristic feature of internal trade in the second half of the XNUMXth century was the decline in the importance of fairs and the development of commodity exchanges.

In foreign trade, Russia's main partners were Germany (32% of imports and 25% of exports) and England (20% of imports and 20% of exports). Bread remained the main exported commodity from Russia. Industrial goods accounted for 25% of exports. Imports were dominated by raw cotton and machinery.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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