История экономики. Великие географические открытия (самое важное)

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История экономики. Великие географические открытия (самое важное)

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16. Great geographical discoveries

Geographical discoveries of the middle of the XV - the middle of the XVII centuries. are called "great" not so much by their scale, but by their significance for the subsequent development of Europe and the whole world. Great geographical discoveries - a set of the most significant discoveries on land and sea, made during almost the entire written history of mankind.

The great geographical discoveries became possible thanks to the improvement of ship building technology, as well as the modernization of the compass, sextant, and the development of nautical charts.

As a result of the research of Columbus, Vasco de Gama, Magellan and other navigators, the contours of the inhabited continents were determined (except for the north-west of America and Australia). The discovery of new lands by Europeans unusually expanded Europeans' understanding of the geography of the globe and strengthened contacts and interactions between countries.

Agriculture in Europe and other countries was enriched with new crops, such as corn, tomatoes, potatoes, and tobacco. Geographical discoveries had a significant impact on the development of natural sciences and people's worldview.

The immediate incentive to equip sea expeditions and search for new trade routes was the desire to find lands rich in precious metals. Europeans who traded with the countries of the East experienced a shortage of gold and silver. Also the reasons were the desires of Spain, Portugal, and Holland to explore new trade routes from Europe to India.

Geographical discoveries served as a powerful impetus for changes in trade and entrepreneurial activity. Trade has multiplied the range of goods offered, acquired a global character. However, trade with the countries of the New World was of an unequal nature and, in fact, was a robbery. The discovery of new lands marked the beginning of colonial conquests. By the end of the XVI century. the first colonial empires were formed - the Spanish in Latin and Central America and the Portuguese, whose center was Brazil. From the middle of the XVI century. England, France, Holland joined the struggle for colonies. The development of commodity-money relations, trade relations contributed to changes in the system of the feudal world.

The first sea expeditions were equipped in Portugal and Spain. At the same time, industrial production developed at the fastest pace in the Netherlands, then England, and France. In exchange for industrial goods, merchants and entrepreneurs of these countries concentrated gold and silver captured from the Aztecs and Incas.

Gold mined in America and pumped into the storehouses of industrial leaders increased their military and naval power. It was they who began to dominate trade routes and ousted less successful competitors. The defeat of the "Great Armada" of Philip II (1588) is one of the dramatic events that marked the end of Spanish-Portuguese power.

At the end of the XNUMXth century, the ideas of Europeans about the globe completely changed. New seas and new lands opened up on all sides. The Spaniards, the Portuguese, the Dutch and the British set out to discover or conquer new lands. The result of this movement was that many of the old trade routes were abandoned and deserted, and many centers of medieval trade lost all significance; on the other hand, world trade came into the hands of new leaders, and new cities arose.

The center of gravity of international trade has shifted from east to west, to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. Indian goods began to penetrate into Europe in large quantities and fell significantly in price. Rich new markets have opened up for world trade. Constant interaction with the colonial periphery has become a condition for the economic well-being of Western Europe.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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