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59. Soviet economy during the war
The first six months of hostilities for the Soviet economy were the most difficult, industrial enterprises cut production by half.
State Defense Committeeput into effect 30 June 1941 year, was carried out evacuation of industrial enterprises and transferred the activities of the civilian sector to military production. From the front-line territories, 2593 enterprises were moved to the Volga region, Siberia, the Urals, Central Asia and other places. Eastern enterprises quickly began to produce products for the war. In the period 1941-1942, despite the harsh winter, the construction of new plants was underway, which could further increase the production of heavy industry, and by 1945, almost half of all metal was produced at the Ural plants. During the war years, twice as much military equipment and weapons were produced, which is the labor heroism of all citizens of the country.
At first 1942 years started planned mobilization in relation to industrial enterprises. The working-age population, including 14-year-olds, learned at a fast pace in any profession, and they took up the machines like adult workers. This was later applied to agriculture as well.
However, during the war years also continued there is a Gulag system, in which a large number of people were kept and who were considered enemies of the people.
At the beginning of the war, created card supply system allowed to provide the population of the city with food in a minimum amount, since the main material resources were needed for military needs. The distribution of products was carried out according to certain categories of workers, higher standards were set for those employed in military factories, in metallurgy, mining and chemical industries.
The majority of the population could not buy food in the markets, because the prices for them were high, and the wages of the inhabitants of the cities were spent on their purchase. The main source of food for many in these years was collective farm land, which was allocated to enterprises and organizations in order to grow vegetables for their workers.
As a result of the evacuation of people, the problem with housing in Central Asia, the Urals, Kazakhstan, and Siberia was complicated.
During the war years, a lot of difficulties also fell on agriculture. For military needs, tractors, cars and horses were transferred, so in the village they plowed on cows, the work was done manually. The male population was at the front, the elderly, women and children, as well as the disabled remained there, in order to provide the country with food, they all worked. Collective and state farms were obliged to hand over the entire harvest to the state, and their leaders were severely punished for failure to fulfill the plan. Often, after the harvest was handed over to the state, the farms did not have grain for crops, agricultural production dropped sharply, and the number of animals decreased. The villagers survived by growing food on their personal plots, since they were not given cards. They used the products for personal consumption, sale or exchange with city dwellers.
Donations were made throughout the country for the military defense of the country and the Red Army fund, the population voluntarily gave away things, money, various valuables, bonds, etc. Over 2 thousand aircraft were built and transferred to the army with the funds raised from the population, as well as tanks, weapons, over 5 submarines and boats, etc. The population regularly donated blood in hospitals, which was necessary for the treatment of wounded people.
Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.
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