Table of contents (expand)
21. The Russian economy in the XVII century. Formation of the all-Russian market
As a result of the "distemper", about 50% of the previously arable land was abandoned, and many villages were deserted.
The restoration of the economy continued for several decades, and only by the middle of the XNUMXth century did the area of cultivated land reach its former size. The revival of economic life took place against the background of exacerbation of social contradictions in the process of strengthening serfdom. In the first decades of the XNUMXth century, broad grants of land increased the size of the enslaved population. The role of large feudal land ownership increased.
The natural nature of the production of the peasant economy did not contribute to the improvement of farming techniques, agriculture followed an extensive path of development. The government continued the policy of tightening serfdom, under pressure from the nobility.
By the middle of the XNUMXth century gradually restored urban economy. Districts specializing in the production of certain goods are being formed. So, for example, the manufacture of linen in the XNUMXth century was concentrated in Novgorod, Pskov, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vologda. Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Vologda, Kazan became centers for leather processing. Railway production developed in the Tula-Serpukhov, Tikhvin, Ustyuzhno-Zhelezopol regions. Pomorye was famous for salt mining and carpentry skills.
In the 20-30s in Russia the first manufactories appeared - large-scale production with the division of labor, which used the labor of skilled craftsmen. The first manufactories arose in metallurgy, their creation was accelerated by the state's need for weapons.
In addition to state-owned, there were manufactories owned by foreigners. The state invited foreigners and provided them with everything necessary for production in order to receive the products needed by the state.
Also, large landowners founded manufactories to meet the needs of their estates.
But decisive importance in providing the population with industrial products and the formation of the all-Russian market belonged to small-scale commodity production.
The formation of a single all-Russian market took place as a merger of local markets serving the inhabitants of a certain region into a single network. There was a system of wholesale fairs in large shopping centers, which covered the entire territory of the country.
During this period, trade fairs of all-Russian significance arose - Makarievskaya near Nizhny Novgorod, Svenskaya near Bryansk, Irbitskaya in the Urals. Trade in the countries of Western Europe was carried out through the port on the White Sea - Arkhangelsk. Trade with Asian countries was carried out through Astrakhan. Hemp, linen, furs, lard, and leather were exported from Russia. Imports from Western European countries were industrial products, luxury goods were imported from Asian countries.
Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.
<< Back: Spirit of capitalism
>> Forward: Background of Petrine reforms
We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:
▪ Management. Crib
▪ Traumatology and orthopedics. Lecture notes
▪ Innovation management. Crib
See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.
Read and write useful comments on this article.
<< Back
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven
09.05.2024
Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>
Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5
09.05.2024
Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>
Energy from space for Starship
08.05.2024
Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>
| Random news from the Archive Dolphins control their heartbeat
01.12.2020
Scientists from the Spanish Oceanography Foundation have announced that dolphins are able to control their heartbeat. Before diving, they can slow it down, and they do it "consciously", depending on how long the dive is planned.
During the study, scientists conducted experiments with three captive bottlenose dolphins. They were taught in advance to hold their breath: at the command of a person, they stopped breathing for a short, long, or arbitrary time. The researchers monitored their breathing and heartbeat.
Just before the dolphins stopped breathing, or along with the stop, their heartbeat slowed down. The deceleration was faster and stronger when the animals were preparing for a long air hold.
"Dolphins can vary their heart rate in the same way that you and I can control our breathing. This both allows us to retain oxygen longer and reduces many of the risks associated with diving, such as developing decompression," said Andreas Fahlman, leader of the research team.
In recent years, decompression and similar problems have been found in free-ranging dolphins at an alarming rate. They are associated with human economic activity, which fills the oceans with "acoustic debris". Perhaps this eternal and loud (for them) noise disrupts precisely the ability of dolphins to "plan" their dives and slow down their heart rate in advance.
|
Other interesting news:
▪ LMP8100 Programmable Gain Amplifier
▪ Microbes in a squirrel wheel
▪ Canada to build accurate dark matter detector
▪ The mobile phone recognizes the owner by gait
▪ Schematic diagrams for kombucha
News feed of science and technology, new electronics
Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:
▪ section of the site Firmware. Article selection
▪ article You ask for songs, I don't have them. Popular expression
▪ article How Many Languages Do Nigerians Speak? Detailed answer
▪ article Hogweed Steven. Legends, cultivation, methods of application
▪ article Controlling a magnetic starter with one button. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
▪ Straw article. Focus Secret
Leave your comment on this article:
All languages of this page
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese