History of Economics. Features of the economic development of Ancient Rome. The role of ancient heritage for European culture (the most important)

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History of Economics. Features of the economic development of Ancient Rome. The role of ancient heritage for European culture (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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5. Features of the economic development of ancient Rome. The role of ancient heritage for European culture

В Ancient Rome, in comparison with Ancient Greece, private land ownership has received a stronger development due to its significant consolidation and the development of a legal basis for land ownership. In ancient Rome, the consolidation of private land holdings led to the flourishing latifundial economy. An important problem is the efficiency of exploitation of such vast lands as latifundia. The development of latifundial slavery is connected with this. From II-I centuries. BC. slave labor was used in almost all areas of economic activity (in agriculture, craft, everyday life). Due to slave labor, a surplus product is created and its monetary realization takes place. The slave class was not homogeneous. Part of the slaves were state slaves, but mostly they passed into the hands of private owners, forming two groups: rural and urban.

The small and middle peasants were ruined or simply forcibly deprived of their land. Peasants deprived of land became tenants or farm laborers. However, the farm laborers could not secure a permanent income: their work was seasonal. And a huge mass of peasants poured into the cities, increasing the number of urban plebs. Some managed to get a job as artisans or construction workers, others formed a special layer - the ancient lumpen proletariat and existed at the expense of state distributions of bread, money and the generosity of politicians.

In ancient times, trade reached the highest level, both domestic and foreign trade are actively developing. The Mediterranean maintained trade relations with Northern Europe, Asia, and Central Africa. There was a unified system of measures and weights, a unified monetary system. Such payment systems as bills of exchange, offsets, and factoring were also used. However, the development of commodity-money relations and trade did not change the essence of slave-owning production. The ancient world, with its deep stratification, was fraught with sharp contradictions, which found expression in the uprisings of slaves, which ultimately led to its death.

However, the ancient world left behind a rich cultural heritage. The contribution to the global civilization of ancient Greek scientists turned out to be invaluable Archimedes (c. 287-212 BC) - an ancient Greek mechanic and mathematician, originally from Syracuse (Sicily), Pythagoras, Socrates. In the field of economic thought left their mark Plato, Aristotle, Xenophonand other ancient philosophers. In their works, the laws of the organization of economic life in the conditions of a slave-owning society were substantiated. They explained the principles underlying commodity exchange, including the principles of the social division of labor, as well as the origin, essence and movement of money. In addition, ancient Greek scientists studied natural phenomena and laid the foundations of such sciences as logic, history, chemistry, physics, geography. Astronomers first put forward the idea that the Earth is spherical and revolves around the Sun.

Roman philosophers Seneca, Epicteti others preached contempt for the material goods of life and the search for a high moral ideal. The image of a sage standing above the crowd, a sage for whom the highest value is his own inner world, was extolled.

In Rome, in the 50st century, the Colosseum was completed - a unique amphitheater in size, designed for 43 thousand spectators. A little later, a temple was erected to "all the gods" - the Pantheon: its concrete dome was 2 meters in diameter until the XNUMXth century. humanity could not create anything like this.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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