History of Economics. Development of crafts and industry (most important)

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History of Economics. Development of crafts and industry (most important)

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19. Development of crafts and industry

The special development of handicrafts and local crafts was in XVI-XVII centuries. The construction of new cities, villages, settlements was underway, and the old cities were fortified: Pskov, Yaroslavl, Novgorod, etc. The main thing Moscow was the economic center, with a population of up to 100 thousand inhabitants. It was a city where there was a large craft, and trade was carried out. However, many cities in Russia were still the centers of feudal and princely estates, and the inhabitants of the city depended on the feudal nobility. In the cities located to the south and southeast, there was no commercial and industrial population, they were military garrisons.

The population engaged in trade and crafts in the XV-XVII centuries. were called townspeople, since they lived in the suburbs, i.e. outside the fortified area of the city. They created one community, which performed various duties established by the state. They were distributed among the entire population, as a result of which the townspeople were not interested in evading the implementation of city duties by all people.

At this time, the craft was developing, which occupied a certain share of the country's economy, the number of craft specialties was increasing, and the level of skilled workers was increasing. Artisans did more work not to order, but to the market. Handicrafts began to be in great demand in the markets of the city, since the feudal lords gave their preference to the products purchased in these markets, and not the craft of rural artisans, and the peasants began to purchase such products, which contributed to an increase in domestic supply and demand.

In Russia during this period there was no guild handicraft production, and it was common for an individual artisan to make not one, but many different types of products.

A special manifestation of commodity specialization was in XVII centuries metallurgy in Ustyug, Tula, Serpukhov, etc., leather production in Kostroma, Kazan, Yaroslavl, Murom, production of linen and canvas in Pskov, Tver, Novgorod, cloth making in Moscow and the Volga region.

The expansion of specialization and the development of demand contributed to the formation of other forms of production. Began to be created manufactories, representing enterprises that were based on manual labor, but still applied the division of labor more deeply. In their activities they used serf labor and received the name patrimonial manufactories. The explanation for this was the absence of non-working people in the country, in contrast to Western Europe, where the functioning of manufactories was based on the hiring of free workers. Peasants and serf artisans were forced to work at enterprises, they were practically not paid for labor, these manufactories operated until the middle of the XNUMXth century.

В 1631 in the Urals was produced construction of the first manufactorynamed Nitsinsky copper smelter. Metallurgical plants were created near Tula, state manufactories arose in Moscow.

Began to develop scattered manufactory, i.e. at home. This circumstance led to the emergence of buyers who acted as intermediaries between artisans and the market, i.e. they were engaged in distributing orders to manufacturers' houses, while demanding high-quality products and in a certain quantity.

Began to appear latrine trades, mainly in the Non-Black Earth Region. During the autumn and winter, peasants went to the cities in order to earn money, and in the spring they returned back to work in the fields. Such activities were encouraged by the feudal lords, since they were paid dues by the peasants, and this was profitable during the emergence of the market.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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