6. The specifics of the development of Eastern civilizations. China and India

The medieval East was for Europeans a symbol of wealth and refined luxury. The standard of living there until the end of the XNUMXth century was significantly higher than in the West, the cities outnumbered European cities in their numbers. However, the life of the medieval East was restless: the old empires disintegrated, new states arose in their place. If Western Europe by the XII century. basically freed from the fight against the nomads, then in the East the hordes of nomads continued to destroy the ancient centers of culture.

The East did not represent a single whole: the historical paths of the ancient eastern civilizations (Chinese and Indian) and the younger ones that appeared by the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries were different. AD (Japanese and Arabic).

In general, the development of Eastern societies was characterized by traditionality, therefore Eastern civilizations are called traditional.

Chinese civilization often also called Confucian civilization.

Confucianism - a doctrine created in middle of the XNUMXst millennium BC. philosopher Confucius (551-479 BC), the goal of which was to make the state ideal, based on solid moral principles, with harmonious social relations.

State according to Confucius - this is a big family in which everyone should take their place and behave as befits their position. For the philosopher, the core on which the state rests was devotion and humility.

Later, Confucianism became the state religion and, thanks to the ideas of humanity and morality of state power, strengthened the bureaucracy and statehood itself.

The most important pillar of state power in China was the right of supreme ownership of land. By directing economic processes, the authorities sought to limit private property, maintain a monopoly in the use of natural resources, and control trade and handicrafts. Gradually, the production and sale of the most important commodities: salt, iron, copper, and tea came into the hands of the state. State power regulated market prices, and sometimes even loan interest, fighting against usury. State trade existed in parallel with private trade, but at the same time the government taxed merchants heavily.

Indian civilization had its own specific features. One of these features was the emergence and spread of Buddhism.

Buddhism - religion of salvation, which is based on four postulates:

1) the world is suffering;

2) the source of suffering is human passions and desires;

3) liberation from passions allows you to go to nirvana;

4) one can reach the state of nirvana only by choosing the path of salvation.

The kings of India tried to use Buddhism as a unifying ideological basis for a strong centralized state, but Buddhism did not play the role in India that Confucianism did in China. Its impact on the structures of civilization was weak: as before, castes remained one of the greatest evils of India. The main castes corresponded to those social strata that stood out in other civilizations: priests (Brahmins), warriors (Kshatriyas), free community members and merchants (Vaishyas), as well as the lowest caste of servants (Shudras), which also included peasants deprived of land. However, the castes were distinguished by the insurmountability of their borders. Each person from birth belonged to a certain caste, and this predetermined his future life. The isolation and isolation of castes, their social and religious and moral inequality reduced the activity of society, made it static, and created great obstacles to its development.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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