История экономики. Особенности экономического развития Древнего Египта (самое важное)

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История экономики. Особенности экономического развития Древнего Египта (самое важное)

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3. Features of the economic development of Ancient Egypt

The Egyptian state arose in the middle of the XNUMXrd millennium BC. on the banks of the Nile. In ancient times, Egypt occupied the same territory as now.

Egypt owes its prosperity to irrigation agriculture. Grapes, dates, oats, cucumbers and other crops were grown here.

The Egyptians were craftsmen. They knew how to process metals, created elegant utensils. In Egypt, they learned how to create papyrus, glass, baked bricks. A wide variety of objects found in the tombs proves that the Egyptians were able to process gold, silver, copper with skill, they created wonderful jewelry from precious stones. Jewelry (rings, bracelets, pendants, earrings) were of incredible perfection. Such mechanisms as a vertical loom, a potter's wheel, foot furs were used. Since the era of the New Kingdom, the Egyptians erected huge stone structures - pyramids and temples.

Scientists standardized writing, calendar, studied astrology, mathematics and medicine.

In ancient Egypt, there was a despotic form of government with unlimited power of the pharaoh. The state controlled the state of the irrigation system and performed economic functions.

During periods of fragmentation, the country broke up into regions (nomes), where the tribal nobility ruled, did not want to reckon with the will of the pharaohs, and created despotism in miniature. The lack of centralization affected the economic well-being of the country: irrigation canals fell into disrepair, famine and unrest began. And this again caused an urgent need for centralization. It was the times of centralized government in Egypt that coincided with the periods of its highest prosperity and prosperity.

In ancient Egypt, it was believed that the relations of people in the state are built on the basis of maat, that is, on the basis of divine justice and order, truth. The gods and kings affirm it: thanks to the laws, chaos and disharmony are overcome.

In Egypt, there was a class structure of society. Each estate (priests, officials, peasants, artisans) performed a certain economic function in the state system.

The priests participated in the political struggle, strengthening their positions more and more. They were a fairly cohesive force. They were headed by the high priest of the temple of the god Amun in Thebes, the capital of Egypt.

Captive slaves became the collective property of communities, temples, and pharaohs. In the era of the new kingdom, individual ownership of slaves appears. Slaves worked in construction, agriculture, and were used as domestic servants. In Egypt in the II millennium BC. even middle-class people had slaves: artisans, gardeners, shepherds.

There was no money in ancient Egypt. The goods were exchanged for goods, the value of which, according to the merchants, was the same.

The peoples of Nubia, for example, they gave their agricultural products and handicrafts - wheat, onions, weapons, jewelry in exchange for wood, leather, gold and ivory. Spices and incense were brought from Arabia, Phoenicia supplied wood (cedar). Starting from the XNUMXth dynasty, the Egyptians established quite profitable business relations with the countries of the Euphrates and the eastern islands of the Mediterranean Sea: copper, for example, was brought from Cyprus.

Later, a special system was developed, according to which the value of the goods was estimated in weight units of copper. This unit was called deben.

Ancient Egypt reached its greatest prosperity in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. BC. when Ethiopia, Palestine, Syria and Libya were conquered. The power of Egypt was built on its economic prosperity.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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