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47. Economic development of Russia at the beginning of the XNUMXth century
By the beginning of the XNUMXth century, Russia was an agrarian-industrial country; in terms of industrial production, it was among the five largest industrial powers in the world. Unlike the countries of the "first echelon" of capitalist development, Russia embarked on the path of capitalism much later, economic development was of a catch-up character.
An important feature of Russian industry there was a high concentration of production. Using the experience of Western European large-scale capitalist production, foreign investment, government orders and subsidies, large enterprises were created and grew in Russia. In the 80-90s of the XIX century, the process of monopolization began, marketing associations appeared, operating under the guise of entrepreneurial unions.
In the second half of the 90s the merging of Russian banks with industry began.
In 1899 Russia was shaken economic crisis, which lasted until 1903. The crisis affected one or another sector of the economy. Heavy industry suffered the most.
Crisis of 1899-1903 gave a new impetus to the development of monopolies. During this period, various forms of marketing monopolistic associations, from cartels to syndicates, became widespread.
In the early 900s, monopolies established themselves in all the main branches of Russian industry that produced the means of production.
The process of monopolization also covered some industries that produced consumer goods, in particular the textile industry.
A new industrial boom began in 1909.
The following factors influenced the growth of industrial production during the recovery period:
1) increased development of agricultural production;
2) urban growth;
3) growth of government orders, mainly military ones.
Despite the rapid pace of industrial production, agriculture provided almost half of the country's national income. Since feudal (feudal) survivals were still preserved, the capitalization of the peasant economy proceeded slowly. The main brake was the peasant lack of land.
The financial system of Russia during this period was also covered by changes. In the 90s of the XIX century, a new Charter of the State Bank. The State Bank becomes the country's main bank, taking over the functions of storing the country's gold reserves and centralized issue of money. The State Bank also engaged in short-term lending.
Long-term mortgage loans were provided by the Peasant Land Bank and the Noble Land Bank. Also, loans were issued by commercial banks, but at a higher interest rate. Commercial banks also made transactions with bills, raised funds in deposits and were engaged in maintaining current accounts.
Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.
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