История экономики. Следствия первой и второй мировых войн (самое важное)

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История экономики. Следствия первой и второй мировых войн (самое важное)

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57. Consequences of the first and second world wars

Russia's participation in the First World War laid a heavy burden on the country's economy, contributed to the aggravation of social relations and the emergence political crisis of 1917, as well as during these war years, almost 15 million people were drafted into the army, vast western territories (the Baltic states and Poland) were occupied by German troops.

By autumn 1916 years there were about 1 million casualties, more 2 million prisoners, nearly 4 million wounded. For Russia, this was a huge loss of the army; many cities, factories, motorcycles and railways were destroyed.

During the war years there was industrial decline и agricultural production. The area under agricultural crops decreased by 12%, and grain and meat production decreased. Industrial enterprises that produced products for the population reduced their production by half, and by 1917 the production of weapons increased 10-12 times, and also stopped importing equipment and raw materials into the industry.

The government decided to evacuate industries to the East in 1915, a slow process.

During the war, state budget expenditures increased almost 4 times, which resulted in budget deficithad to carry out internal and external loans. was started money issueSo 1917 year the number of money in circulation increased by 6 times.

One of the consequences of this war was 1916 grain crisis, shortage of industrial goods, fuel etc., which led to an increase in prices for these products. In November of this year, a surplus appraisal and card distribution of products was introduced. In addition, there was an increase government crisisSo from 1915-1916. there was a change of four chairmen of the Council of Ministers and military ministers, six ministers of the interior, a The Provisional Government. Dual power began to be established in the country, along with state authorities, Workers' Councils began to emerge.

At the end of World War II at Yalta in February 1945 and Potsdam in the summer of 1945 at the conference "big three"It was decided to determine the new eastern and western borders of Poland, to transfer East Prussia to the USSR along with its center of Koenigsberg, and the decision was also approved to demilitarize Germany and divide it into zones of occupation. In the same period, the decision was made by the Western allies to include the central and eastern countries Europe, except for Austria in the USSR.As a result of the capitulation of Japan, the USSR included in its territories South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands 2 September 1945 years.

During the war years, the Eastern Front lost over 75% of its personnel and aviation, about 75% of tanks and artillery pieces. Died about 27 million of people in battles, in captivity, on the lands that were subjected to fascist occupation, almost 18 million people were wounded or sick and became disabled while performing their duties.

The people who were in the rear during the war years had poor health due to hunger, unsettled living conditions, severe physical overload, lack of medicines and many other reasons.

The damage that the country's economy suffered during the war years reached almost a third of the state's national wealth. Cities and urban settlements, villages, industrial enterprises, railways, bridges, collective farms and state farms were completely or partially destroyed. Horses and cattle, pigs, sheep were slaughtered or stolen by the Nazis. However, the national economy began to recover in the course of hostilities, at a time when there was a radical turning point in the war.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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