35. Various models of the "welfare state". F. Roosevelt's "New Deal" and the Swedish model of reform

F. Roosevelt, who was president of the United States in 1933-1945, proposed a program for overcoming the crisis (1929-1933 - the "Great Depression"), which was called "New Deal". The program included a number of reforms designed not only to eliminate the consequences of the crisis, but also to improve American society as a whole. As part of Roosevelt's New Deal, assistance to the needy was organized, millions of the unemployed were given the opportunity to take part in public works subsidized by the state. A law on social security was adopted, providing for insurance of the unemployed, the introduction of pensions, state assistance to widows, orphans, the disabled and other socially unprotected sections of the population. The Labor Relations Act finally secured the right of workers to strike and organize trade unions. Thanks to the "New Deal" the population of the United States received the right to social support from the state.

The course of reforms was also carried out in Scandinavia, especially in Sweden. The characteristic of the so-called "Swedish model" lies in the fact that the Social Democratic Party played a paramount role in its implementation. The Social Democrats achieved the introduction of state unemployment insurance, pensions, twelve days of paid leave, maternity leave, the right to receive child benefits, etc. An important measure was also an agreement between the central association of trade unions in Sweden and the association of employers, according to which the terms of collective agreements should be drawn up only with the participation of both parties.

The "new course" reforms of F. Roosevelt and the reforms of the Social Democrats in Sweden were of great importance, since they were the simplest models of the "welfare state", on the basis of which more complex and modern ones began to be developed later.

"Welfare state" is a democratic state that expresses the interests of society as a whole and mitigate excessive social inequality. The welfare state means the implementation of the social orientation of the economy through the state policy of income, employment and prices, the use of direct and indirect regulators of social processes.

The general world movement towards the welfare state is multivariate, generating its own national models in different cultures.

After the end of World War II and the defeat of fascism, the goal of creating a welfare state became pivotal for all capitalist countries. And such a course made it possible to achieve certain successes: as a result, in the 50-60s, a new type of society was formed in the leading capitalist states.

Here are its characteristic features:

1) a high standard of living;

2) social security;

3) observance of basic democratic principles.

One of the criteria for the growth of material condition in those years was the presence of a personal car: if in 1945 there were only 5 million car owners in Europe, then by the beginning of the 80s there were already 100 million.

However, a significant improvement in the material situation of the working people as a whole did not mean the complete elimination of the problem of social contrasts. Significant progress has been made on the road to a welfare state, but the ideal itself has never been realised.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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