История экономики. Мировые войны. Экономические итоги первой и второй мировых войн (самое важное)

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История экономики. Мировые войны. Экономические итоги первой и второй мировых войн (самое важное)

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58. World wars. Economic results of the first and second world wars

In the first half of the XX century. world shook first (1914-1918) и second (1941-1945) world wars. These wars are called world wars due to their global nature and long duration.

38 countries took part in the First World War, more than 70 million people were drafted into the army, and the losses of the warring countries amounted to about 10 million killed and 20 million wounded.

World wars coincided with the rapid development of science and technology.

The warring countries, as it were, competed with each other, introducing more and more new types of weapons. Already during the First World War, tanks, submarines, and aircraft were used. There were means intended for mass destruction.

After the First World War, the national wealth of European countries decreased by an average of one third, while in Japan increased by 25% and USA - by 40%.

Germany lost 12% of its pre-war territory in Europe and all the colonies, with a total area of 3 million square meters. km. Particularly heavy were reparations payments - 132 billion gold marks.

Industrial production in Germany has halved, agricultural production by 2 times.

The victorious countries understood that in order to receive reparations, it was necessary to restore the German economy. The United States provided economic assistance to Germany. By Dawes plan Germany was granted loans to restore the industry. Reparations payments were set at 1-1 billion gold marks per year, the sources of payments were duties and taxes on consumer goods, deductions from the income of German railways and additional taxes from industry.

As a result of the Treaty of Versailles, signed on June 28, 1919, France received Alsace and Lorraine. 8 billion gold marks were received as reparations from Germany. France received German colonies. These factors partly offset France's losses in World War I and enabled economic growth.

England, as one of the victorious countries, received reparations, as well as most of the German colonies. During the war, England suffered great material losses, and there is a weakening of England's position in the world economy.

In 1924 the capitalist world entered a period of stabilization. The post-war recession gave way to an economic upswing in the 20s. Stable money circulation was restored between the capitalist states, and economic ties were strengthened.

The development of the economy in different countries was uneven. During the years of stabilization, the volume of industrial production increased in comparison with 1913 in the USA by 70%, in France by 43%, in Germany by 17%. However, in England, production barely reached pre-war levels. This inevitably led to a new aggravation of capitalist contradictions.

61 states were drawn into the Second World War, in which up to 80% of the world's population lived. About 65 million people died.

The cumulative expenditures of the warring states exceeded $900 billion at current prices. Industrial production decreased by more than a third compared to the pre-war level, including in Japan by 5 times, in Germany by 2 times.

In April 1948, the US Congress passed a law on aid to European states, and the implementation of the so-called "D. Marshall's plan- US Secretary of State.

In four years (1948-1951) Western European countries received aid worth $17 billion at current prices. American exports during this period increased by 60%, European by 50%. The production of the most important types of industrial products in Europe has grown by 60-200%.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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