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История экономики. Первые социалистические преобразования. Военный коммунизм как этап становления командно-административной системы (1917-1921 гг.) (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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48. The first socialist transformations. War Communism as a Stage in the Formation of the Command-Administrative System (1917-1921)

Since October 1917 g. to March 1918 g. Soviet power was being established throughout most of the Russian Empire. This process was characterized by the collapse of the management structure created before the revolution and the formation of a new apparatus for governing the country, which began to be Congress of Soviets. During its breaks in the consideration and approval of laws, the Commissioner was proclaimed All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Executive duties were assigned to Council of People's Commissarswho had a legislative function. Economic management was entrusted to people's commissariats, at that time the former justice system was liquidated, in its place were formed revolutionary tribunals. An 8-hour working day was approved, a decree was created on the independence of the school and the church, equality in religion was established, in family and political relations there was an equalization of the possession of rights by men and women.

Soviet power, fearing the fall of Petrograd, 3 March 1918 g. signed Brest peacewhich was perceived by the population as a shame and an insult.

The formation of the command economy was characterized by the constant persistence of the Bolsheviks against the development of private property, the changes of which are connected with the Decree on Land. This document stated that all strata of society, with the exception of the peasants, were deprived of the rights of private ownership of land.

В December 1917. a single center for managing the public sector of the country's economy was formed - Supreme Council of National Economy, operating under the Council of People's Commissars.

Soviet power in April 1918. was created decree on the nationalization of foreign trade, and she also canceled large external and internal debts formed by the Provisional Government.

The new law on the socialization of land since February 1918., who proclaimed the transition of land from private to public property.

В 1918 g. The Soviet government introduced food dictatorship, which was characterized by the forced seizure of grain supplies from wealthy peasants by food detachments.

This period of time was marked by the formation of a rigid socio-economic system, which was called - war communism. All material, labor and financial resources were in his power.

The Supreme Council of the National Economy, in order to manage the industrial sector, over 50 higher departments were formed (Commander in Chief). At all enterprises there was military discipline, economic independence was excluded, decisions were made only with the consent of the Commanders-in-Chief.

В 1920 g. was accepted State plan for electrification of Russia, which included tasks for the restoration and reconstruction of enterprises, the construction of new hydro and thermal power plants.

During the period of war communism, it was established product exchange between the village and the city, the main goal was to provide for the needs of the army and workers of defense enterprises. This process has been named surplus appropriation.

The Soviet government printed a huge amount of money, which depreciated and lost purchasing power, which led to depreciation of money, by issuing and served as the main source of replenishment of the state budget. The issue of money led to a sharp jump up in product prices. As a result, the Soviet ruble depreciated and only the golden tsarist ruble was of high value. Bread and salt were common measuring units of value. The implementation of this monetary policy led to destruction of the financial system of the state.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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