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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
История экономики. Крестьянский вопрос. Сельское хозяйство и землепользование при Екатерине II (самое важное)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) 25. Peasant question. Agriculture and land use under Catherine II Formation in the second half of the XNUMXth century the all-Russian market и international trade contributed bringing agriculture to market. The landowners wanted to get as much money as possible from their own estates for the purchase of luxury goods, the creation of estates and other expenses. In order to increase agricultural production and sell its products on the market, the feudal lords intensively used the labor of peasants on estates. The landlords on the territory of the Chernozem region constantly increased the number of corvee, i.e. worked rent, sometimes up to six days a week. Some landlords took allotments from the peasants, forcing them to work on their land, and gave them a natural ration, i.e. peasants were transferred for a month. In non-chernozem regions, peasants were transferred to quitrent, forcing them to take an active part in the market, and the control of landowners over farming by peasants was also strengthened, by collection of state poll tax. However in 1734 year was published decree, according to which landlords were obliged in lean years to feed their peasants, provide them with seeds for sowing the land. As a result of the increased exploitation of the peasants, they began to express their resistance by looting the estates of the landowners, and even killed them, carried out uprisings, arbitrarily plowed their lands, seized meadows, cut down forests, fled to the southern free lands or beyond the Urals. The country had to expand the territory of serfdom in the Trans-Volga region, to the Don, in the Urals, under the reign of Catherine II, the territory of Ukraine was included, on which the Cossack freemen remained. В 1736 landowners have had right install at will measure of punishment for escaping serfs, And in 1760 year was published decree on the right to exile peasants to Siberia or include them in the recruitment for various faults. В XVIII century applied in agriculture new methods of cultivating land and growing crops. Many landowners had the opportunity to use new technology and introduce agronomic achievements into agricultural production. AT 1765 year was created institution "Free Economic Society to encourage agriculture and housing construction in Russia". The use of these achievements contributed to an increase in labor productivity, an increase in the volume of marketable products and its sale on the market, while the serfdom of the peasants continued to exist. In the second half of this century, the share of agricultural products increased markedly through the development of new lands in the Trans-Volga region, the southern territories of the country and Western Siberia. The areas under crops of new crops, such as potatoes, sugar beets and sunflowers, have been expanded. The area under crops of hemp and flax increased. Most of the grain was sold by the landlords on the market. The number of serfs began to increase, as the previously free population was enslaved, thus the feudal system expanded. Peasant class were three categories: state, palace and landlord. At this time, the most pronounced were the signs of the property stratification of the peasantry, i.e. by the amount of land that is in direct use, by the number of livestock, etc. The most enterprising peasants were engaged in crafts, traded, rented land, and some even bought peasants for themselves, but this was prohibited by law. Peasants who had the necessary amount of cash ransom their families to freedom. Basically, such peasants tried to hide their capital, since they could be taken away by the landlords. Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A. << Back: Economic development of Russia under Catherine II >> Forward: The nobility and the system of local self-government in the second half of the XNUMXth century.
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