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56. First and Second World Wars: Economic Causes
At the end of the Russo-Japanese conflict on the territory of Russia, public opinion arose in the need for a victorious war, as a result of the previous defeat. Interest was also expressed by the military environment of Nicholas II, who wanted awards and career advancement, this opinion was also shared by representatives of the military-industrial complex, for whom the sale of their products was necessary, i.e. weapons. Only a small group of courtiers, including P.A. Stolypin, was against military conflicts, since Russia was not ready for it. Nicholas II, despite the persuasion of P.A. Stolypin, sought to participate in many international conflicts: in the Balkans, in the problems of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As a result, Russia became a participant in these conflicts.
New aggravations of contradictions occurred in 1910, when Russia took the side of Atlanta against the Triple Alliance. One of the reasons for the formation of the military conflict was annexation in 1908. Austria-Hungary in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Each European country reacted differently to this circumstance, which resulted in 1912 g. to education two main military-political alliances.
During this period of time in Europe, including Russia, preparations were made for war, countries increased military spending, carried out additional conscription into the army. FROM 1908 g. existed on the territory of Russia reorganization of the armed forces and 1913 g. was approved army reinforcement program, the restoration of the navy, the creation of powerful artillery, the construction of railways, but the war began much earlier.
В 1914 in the summer в Bosnia hostilities were organized by Austria-Hungary. The event was attended by the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand, who was killed by Serbian student Gabriel Princip on the opening day of these maneuvers, which eventually led to the declaration of war by Austria-Hungary on Serbia. She found support from Germany. Despite Russia's attempts to keep countries out of the war, 1 August 1914 g. it began and covered not only Europe, but also other territories and became first world war.
Preparations for the Second World War were carried out by Germany against Russia by the development of a secret plan Barbarossa, scheduled for June 1941. The German leaders declared to the Soviet Union that they would not violate the non-aggression pact and the leaders of the Soviet government believed that they were guaranteed non-participation in the war.
During this period, the technical equipment of the Red Army increased: combat aircraft, combat vehicles, new models of tanks, powerful guns, etc. were produced.
Over half of the military forces of the Red Army in the middle of 1941 were in the western districts with organized training, they could have repulsed enemy offensives, but this did not happen. Great damage to military training was caused by repression between officers of the command staff, a huge number of commanders were repressed, and executions continued until October 1941, when military battles took place near Moscow. The leaders of the army are inexperienced commanders, or military leaders, whose representations were at the level of the First World and Civil Wars.
The consequences of this were errors in the development of the military plan, the Soviet military leaders were confident that Germany would inflict the main blow on Ukraine and the Caucasus, the country's leadership did not respond to the warnings of Soviet intelligence officers about the date of the Nazi attack. The Soviet leadership, fearing to violate the terms of the non-aggression pact, did not give the command to combat readiness. As a result 22 June 1941 г. the enemy attacked the country's western troops.
Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.
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