31. Features of the industrial revolution and industrialization in the USA. Imperial modernization of Japan

After the end of the War of Independence (1775-1783), which was waged by the American colonists against England, an independent state was formed. USA.

The results of the war of independence and the prerequisites for the industrial revolution were the following factors:

1) the elimination of the feudal system in agriculture, imposed by England, after the destruction of plantations in the South of the United States, the lease system spread;

2) exemption from restrictions in international relations: trade, capital flow, inflow of labor resources;

3) formation of a single and capacious internal market, transport and monetary systems;

4) the expansion of the borders of the States to the West, as a result of which a huge power was formed, rich in various natural resources.

The industrial revolution in the United States began with the cotton industry. In the United States, mechanical engineering, especially agricultural, developed successfully. This was facilitated by the invention E. Whitney cotton gin, new plow design T. Jefferson, reapers O. Gassi и S. McCortic. Between 1860 and 1900, 676 thousand inventions were patented in the United States. Among the most significant is the theory of the electric telegraph S. Morse, telephone A. Bella, incandescent lamp T. Edison.

In addition to scientific and technological advances, the following reasons contributed to the rapid pace of industrialization in the United States:

1) rich raw materials;

2) a large influx of immigrants who provided the growing industry with a labor force;

3) an extensive system of water and rail transport;

4) a policy of protectionism that protects American industry from foreign competition.

In the middle of the XNUMXth century, the United States was predominantly an agrarian country, but by the beginning of the XNUMXth century, the United States was ahead of all other states in terms of industrial production.

In 1893 was G. Ford built his first car, and two decades later, the US industry produced more than half a million cars a year.

By 1913, the output of the ferrous metallurgy and coal mining industry exceeded that produced in these industries by England, Germany and France combined.

Great changes took place in the life of Eastern civilizations in the XNUMXth century: their traditional character began to collapse. But if in Europe this happened due to the natural course of things, then in the East, under the pressure of Western civilization. In a special position among all the countries of the East was Japan. It became the first powerful capitalist power of the East, having declared itself at the end of the XNUMXth - beginning of the XNUMXth century.

Japan made extensive use of the experience of European countries and successfully learned from them the organization of capitalist production. The Japanese increased the pace of economic growth, modernized industry, gave the country a new right, changed political structures and the education system.

A set of radical reforms called Meiji Restoration, was held by the emperor Mutsuhito in 1868 city

Feudalism was put an end to in Japan in one blow: the government abolished feudal allotments and hereditary privileges of daimyō princes. The princes became officials, headed the provinces, but class distinctions between them and other classes were abolished.

The peasants were given the right to buy land, acquiring it as their property, and this opened the way for the development of capitalism in the countryside.

The state actively encouraged merchant capital, giving it firm social and legal guarantees.

Political transformations should include the adoption in 1889 of the constitution. In Japan, a constitutional monarchy was created with great rights for the emperor, following the example of the Prussian version.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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