История экономики. Изменения в денежной и кредитно-финансовой сфере (самое важное)

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История экономики. Изменения в денежной и кредитно-финансовой сфере (самое важное)

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51. Changes in the monetary and credit-financial sphere

An important role in the implementation of the NEP was played by the formation of a stable monetary system and the formation of the ruble. AT 1922 g. There were many views on carrying out monetary reform. In order to stabilize the ruble, we carried out currency denomination, changed their value, according to the ratio of old signs to new ones. Published this year Sovsigns, i.e. one ruble was equal to 10 thousand old rubles, and in 1923 other sovznaki appeared, one ruble was equal to 1 million old money and 100 rubles of the previous year.

In the end of November 1922 g. A new currency came into circulation, called chervonetsthrough which the country's financial system developed. There was a limitation on the payment of the budget deficit by the gold coin, their purpose was to lend to industry and commercial activities in wholesale trade. Back to top 1923 g. the share of chervonets was small - 3% of the total money supply; in the second half of this year it replaced the sovznaki. Peasants sold only grain for chervonets, even at a reduced price, since its stability was regulated by the State Bank, which exchanged these banknotes for foreign currency at a stable rate.

At the end of 1922 g. were educated stock exchanges, i.e. these are places where it was allowed to buy, sell currency, gold, securities at a free rate. Gradually, the exchange rate of the chervonets rose and in 1925 g. it became a convertible currency, i.e. it was officially listed on world currency exchanges. The final result of this reform was the procedure redemption of Sovznak.

During this period, the tax reformso at the end 1923 g. The main source of replenishment of state budget revenues began to be various deductions from profits received by the enterprise, and not by the population. WITH August 1921 to February 1922. a tax was introduced on tobacco, honey, alcoholic beverages, matches, etc.

Over time, the credit system began to improve, so in 1921 g. started working State bank country, founded in 1918, the State Bank began to issue loans to industrial and commercial trade enterprises at interest rates of 8 to 12% per month, over time, this rate was reduced. Large banks arose: to service industry - the Commercial and Industrial Bank, to finance electrification - Electrobank, to lend to foreign trade - the Russian Commercial Bank, and many others.

В 1922 g. was started subscription to the state grain loan the amount of 10 million poods of rye in grain, as well as interest-free bonds worth 100 poods were issued, payment for which was to be made from December 1, 1922 to January 31, 1923. in cash or in kind at the market value of rye on the day of repayment.

This period was marked by the discovery networks of joint stock bankswho were engaged in lending to a specific industry in the country. Savings banks were formed for the population's savings. There were 1923 banks operating in the country in 17, and by 1926 their number increased to 61 banks. As a result of this process, the State Bank's credit investments decreased from 66 to 48%, so competition began to arise between banks for clients, by means of creating more favorable lending conditions. Commercial credit became the most common; it consisted of many enterprises lending to each other.

It was of great economic importance development of foreign trade, and as G. Sokolnikov believed, this is possible only if the country can get closer to the world market. IN AND. Lenin argued that it was necessary to pursue a state monopoly of foreign trade.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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