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PERSONAL TRANSPORT: GROUND, WATER, AIR
Laguna car. Personal transport
Directory / Personal transport: land, water, air My car was registered with the traffic police on August 16, 1995. And already on the 17th in the morning, the whole family went on a trip on it along the route Tyumen - Ufa - Naberezhnye Chelny - Tolyatti - Tyumen. In two weeks, the first 4 thousand km were wound on the speedometer. Was it scary to embark on such a long rally in a new, completely untested car? No, because there was one hundred percent certainty that the "Laguna" will not let you down. After all, every structural element, every possible nuance of its behavior on the road, I carefully calculated in advance and did nothing at random. The run showed: "Laguna" is a very reliable, economical and easy-to-use car. During the trip, there was not a single breakdown. Fuel consumption on the highway was only 8,7 liters per 100 kilometers. Conveniences can be appreciated only by riding the "Laguna". The Tyumen journalist S. Sentyabrsky, who participated in the road tests, describes his impressions as follows: “On the go, I tried to listen to ... aerodynamic noise and the behavior of the car on the road. We drove, though not fast, but up to 80 km / h in the car it was quiet. If this is not a complete proof of aerodynamic cleanliness (it is quiet at this speed and in the classic Zhiguli), then at least it indicated that there were no obvious errors in design and calculations. And as for the smoothness of the ride and " holding the road - work to expand the gauge and increase the base (in terms of dimensions, the Laguna is comparable to the Volga, but at the same time it is 200 kg lighter! - Auth.) justified itself: the car goes smoothly, quite confidently, does not jump from side to side ... I would subjectively evaluate the work of the suspension above the "Volgovskaya" ... " I’ll add on my own that for the convenience of driving even such seemingly minor, but nevertheless very useful things that increase active safety, such as a stand for the driver’s left foot and an enlarged brake pedal area, were provided. You evaluate the first one first of all on a long trip, when the leg starts to get tired from tension. You will meet the second one only on executive cars. By such a pedal you will not miss in any situation. And the leg feels it differently. The passive safety of the Laguna, I think, is also higher than that of a production car. The salon is surrounded by a tubular frame and therefore very rigid. The energy-absorbing ability of the bumpers of their own design is superior to the "Zhiguli" ones, they dampen the blow more efficiently. Speaking of convenience, one cannot fail to mention such important components of automotive comfort as seats. At first, "Zhiguli" seats were planned (from the VAZ-2109). However, later I bought beautiful seats from Toyota Mark II - soft, comfortable, with electric heating (!). And with many adjustments: the headrest moves not only up and down, but also back and forth; by moving the lever, you can quickly pump up the roller under the lower back or, conversely, remove it. I completed my car project in October 1986. Then for several years I selected the necessary components and parts. It took four years to build. I think it is not worth describing the difficulties that await those who follow the path of self-manufacturing a car. Main technical characteristics:
I am sometimes asked: how could I stick around the "nine" with such "bells and whistles"? But my car has nothing in common with the VAZ-21099, except for doors and racks. What kind of "nine" is this, if it has a larger base and track, the layout is classic - with rear-wheel drive? Just the shape of the body is dictated by the requirements of aerodynamics. Of course, I didn’t have the opportunity to blow the car, or at least the model in the wind tunnel, but when designing the body, I made extensive use of books and guides on aviation topics, as well as the recommendations of famous motorsportsmen on preparing the car for the rally - in order to improve its reliability and performance. "Laguna" - four-door, five-seater sedan. The load-bearing part of the body consists of a load-bearing frame and a safety cage encircling the passenger compartment, which significantly increases passive safety. The power frame is assembled from steel rectangular sections with dimensions of 60x40, 50x25 and 20x20 mm using front spars and a front cross member of the Moskvich-170 frame extended by 412 mm. The "donor" for the latter was a similar unit, from which a piece 170 mm long was cut. All contact welding seams are additionally reinforced with electric arc welding. The roll cage is made from 3/4" tubing. All welding work was carried out by direct current electric arc welding using Japanese electrodes of the brand 1.V-520 with a diameter of 4; 3,2 and 1,5 mm. And now about how the "Laguna" differs from other cars. In addition to the doors, all removable body panels - the hood, trunk lid, fenders, bumpers and other elements - are composite, made of foam and fiberglass. Used hard foam brand PKhV1 -115 - thermal, noise and vibration insulating structural material (standard sheets: 600x600x50 mm). It is well processed by various tools - from a hand planer to a planer (depending on the size of the workpieces). The surfaces of the parts were brought to the required theoretical contours, set by fiberboard templates, with a grinder with coarse sandpaper. The foam panels were puttied, sanded and glued on both sides with three layers of fiberglass as thin as silk (paraffin was first burned out of it, for which it was heated on an electric stove until smoke appeared). Glue - epoxy resin .. Then the surfaces were puttied again, sanded, primed and, finally, painted. The paint of the company "Sadolyun" in the color "trout-metallic" was used, coupled with a branded solvent. I don’t advise using any other solvents, as some “experts” recommend: nothing good will come of it - the color will be streaked. The panels are attached to the body frame with the help of various embedded elements glued into them: bolts of various diameters, L- or U-shaped metal brackets. The movable hood and trunk lid are equipped with non-standard internal hinges. The windshield and rear windows are installed on a layer of silicone sealant and pressed with metal clips around the perimeter every 300 mm. As a drawback, I note the absence of decorative frames on them - I could not find the right material. Windshield - from the "rafik", triplex, slightly trimmed on the sides. Its angle of inclination is less than that of the VAZ-2108, and is 30 °. To improve the aerodynamic qualities of the body, the wiper blades are hidden in the engine compartment and are attached directly to the glass through two holes drilled in it. Engine "Laguna" - from "Moskvich-412", with great potential. To take advantage of them, I modified everything I could in the motor. Firstly, to improve the filling of the combustion chambers and create minimal resistance to exhaust gases, I expanded the inlet and outlet channels of the cylinder head, as well as the corresponding pipes. He did this with cutters, then with a semicircular chisel and at the end with an emery tape fixed in an electric drill chuck. Priter also fitted the joints of the pipes with the head of the block at the place of laying, since their unreliable connection would lead to a significant loss of engine power and all my previous tricks would be in vain. Secondly, I made a change in the design of the valve guide bushings. With the help of a special mandrel, I pressed them out of the head of the block heated to 170 ° C, cut them on the machine and again pressed them into the hot head. When the head cooled down, I supplied the bushings with "Zhiguli" oil seals. And more about the valve mechanism. For more reliable operation at 6000 or more revolutions per minute, sub-valve springs were placed with washers 1,5 mm thick. Thirdly, in order to improve the throttle response of the engine, the mass of the flywheel was reduced. Instead of the standard 8 kg, it now weighs 4,2 kg. Moreover, the metal was cut away from the center - to reduce the magnitude of the moment of inertia. With such a flywheel, naturally rebalanced, the engine runs evenly and the car moves off more smoothly. Fourthly, I changed something in the design of the water cooling pump. I removed the steel bushing with the regular "Moskvich" seal from the cover, machined the seat and pressed in (with an interference fit of 0,02 mm) the seal from the "Lada". In addition, to increase the performance of the pump, I replaced the standard impeller, also with the Zhiguli one, for which I processed the shaft in such a way that when the new impeller was pressed in, there was an interference of 0,02 mm. The rear end of the latter was also machined to a size that provides a gap of 2 mm between the blades and the pump housing. The result of the modernization had an immediate effect: during our trip, the electric fan turned on only a couple of times, and then when we were driving uphill behind a long line of smoking Kamaz trucks. That, in fact, is all about the engine. I will add that it has two exhaust pipes with mufflers and resonators. The pipes are independent of each other and start immediately after the exhaust manifold. Now about the transmission. According to statistics, one or two people usually ride in a car. Therefore, for a more even distribution of masses (and the weight distribution along the axes of my car is almost ideal - 48:52!) The engine and, accordingly, the differential were shifted slightly to the right. Hence the difference in the length of the rear axle axles: the left one is 145 mm longer than the right one. I sharpened the axle shafts myself (to the flanges their dimensions correspond to the factory ones), I carefully ground and polished all the fillets. I made four holes in the flanges for the M12x1,5 bolts for mounting the discs. Gearbox - five-speed, from Izh-2126 Orbita. To interface it with the Moskvich-412 engine, or rather, with the clutch cover, I made an adapter flange. Later, when the "Orbit" clutch covers appeared on sale, I bought one of these and replaced the "Moskvich" one with it. Therefore, I do not cite a drawing of the adapter flange as unnecessary. Front suspension - from "Moskvich-2140". Since the front cross member of the Laguna frame is wider than the Moskvich one, the suspension design also had to be changed. To do this, I cut the beam and welded (in the conductor) an insert 170 mm wide, taken from another beam. Lengthened the middle pull by the same size. Anti-roll bar used from GAZ-24. To increase the suspension travel, I installed a 20 mm thick textolite washer between the upper arm and the upper ball joint. All this favorably affected the smoothness of the car. And yet - made new hubs. The rear axle of the "Laguna" is also from the "Moskvich-2140". To increase the track of the rear wheels and at the same time shift the differential to the right, I machined a special spacer. It is attached to the flange of the crankcase of the bridge with standard bolts, and their joint is welded (the spacer and the flange were chamfered beforehand).
Naturally, the alterations entailed the need to manufacture lugs for fastening the upper and lower longitudinal rods on the axle housing. When installing the lugs, I paid special attention to the alignment of the holes in them with the holes in the rods, since even a slight discrepancy in size can lead to a disruption in the smooth operation of the nodes and, as a result, to overload. Longitudinal rods used standard, "Zhiguli", while the length of the transverse properly increased. When choosing the gear ratio of the rear axle gearbox (differential), I expected that, if chosen correctly, it should provide the car with maximum speed and high throttle response. An insufficient value of this ratio makes the car "stupid" during acceleration, and an excessive value brings the engine to a mode with revolutions exceeding the reliability limit. Therefore, when I was going to use the gearbox from Orbita, after calculations and clarification of dynamic indicators, I changed the gear ratio of the main gear from 1:3,9 to 1:4,22, putting another pair with the number of gear teeth 9 and wheels - 38 . In the rear axle suspension, for greater smoothness, I used springs and shock absorbers from the VAZ-2121 Niva. The cardan shaft with an outboard bearing, as on the Zhiguli, but with more powerful crosses, was taken from the Orbita. With the help of a specially made bushing, I lengthened it by 84 mm. The wheels of the "Laguna" have alloy wheels measuring 5,5J-14 "and Vagit brand tires measuring 195/75 R14. I refused thirteen-inch ones at the design stage - a big car does not look good on small narrow wheels! The brake system is dual-circuit, with a vacuum booster. Front brakes - disc, rear - drum. Steering - completely from "Moskvich-412". However, I have an idea to install a hydraulic booster control from Toyota on the Laguna - all self-respecting companies use hydraulic boosters on a car weighing more than one ton. I think I will implement this plan soon. The electrical equipment of the car is self-made, but installed using a mounting block from the VAZ-2108 and wires with factory plug connectors. Headlights - from "Moskvich-2141", sidelights - from "Zaporozhets", taillights, interior heater and "beard" of the dashboard - from VAZ-2108, instrument panel - from VAZ-2107, the dashboard itself is homemade. And finally, something very important. All these years, my wife and two sons were sympathetic to my constant disappearance in the garage. Moreover, they helped build the Laguna. Of course, its cost was very high. Yes, a lot of time and effort was spent. However, we are happy with our car. Over the past year, more than 21 km have been driven on it. I did what I wanted! Author: A.Kdyunk
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