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27. Socio-economic policy of Paul I
Paul I was the son of Catherine II, his socio-economic policy was different from the era of the previous time, but its essence, as before, was autocratic and feudal power. Paul I insisted on the need for the nobility to perform their functions in the public service, he returned all the nobles who had been on vacation for many years and forbade their children to be recorded for military service.
He declared that he had decided to end liberalism, enlightened absolutism, which resulted in revolutions and executions of the king in France. Being a supporter of the unlimited power of the tsar, he decided to cancel the "Charter to the nobility" established by Catherine, and also limited their rights in relation to class self-government, introduced corporal punishment, closed all private printing houses, and introduced a ban on the import of foreign literature into the country.
Gradually, Paul I began to produce replacement of boards with a system of ministries, since a stricter subordination to him was carried out through the ministers, but he failed to fully implement this reform, and it was completed in 1802 by Alexander I. It was continued provincial reform, a special administration based on national characteristics was introduced on the territory of the Baltic states.
Paul I was a supporter of the Prussian order, and therefore introduced into the armyborrowed from them Prussian drilland cane discipline, a new form of clothing, which was not adapted to the harsh climatic conditions of the country. There was a transition from recruiting to an army of mercenaries, mostly only from Germany.
The number of serfs continued to grow, as serfdom was extended to the Don region, the southern territories of Ukraine and the northern Caucasus. To strengthen the serfdom, the distribution of peasants belonging to the state to the landowners was carried out, since the emperor believed that it would be better for them to live with them.
Early 1797 g. was published by Paul I Manifesto on the three-day corvee, according to which the landowners were recommended to use the labor of peasants no more than three days a week and not to use them on weekends. However, this order was not carried out by many landlords, the peasants continued to work on corvee for four or five days, and sometimes six days a week.
Paul I, wanting to relieve social tension and fearing uprisings of the population, made a ban on the sale at auction of householders and peasants who did not have land, as well as serfs who were without land, etc. As a result, his relations with the nobles aggravated.
Paul I sought to improve the condition of state-owned peasants by issuing Senate decrees about allotment of land to them about 15 acres per male in the non-chernozem territories and about 8 acres in all the rest. However, this decree was not implemented in practice.
The emperor strictly monitored the food and uniforms of the soldiers, prevented theft and bribes in the army. He introduced restrictions on the style of clothing, forbade the Russian population to study abroad, and foreigners to freely enter the territory of Russia.
Paul I severed all relations with England, which, as a result, affected the incomes of the landed estates, which were the main suppliers of agricultural products to England. At the same time, he became an ally of Napoleon Bonaparte in order to destroy British rule in the lands of the East. The plan of the military campaign was drawn up, so through Astrakhan, then the Caspian Sea and the territory of Afghanistan went to India, but this project was not implemented, since a conspiracy against Paul I was carried out and his death in March 1801 in St. Petersburg.
Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.
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