History of Economics. Economy of Russian lands during the period of feudal fragmentation. Rus' under the Mongol-Tatar yoke (the most important)

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History of Economics. Economy of Russian lands during the period of feudal fragmentation. Rus' under the Mongol-Tatar yoke (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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12. The economy of Russian lands during the period of feudal fragmentation. Russia under the conditions of the Mongol-Tatar yoke

In the middle of the XII century. The Kievan state broke up into feudal principalities. Large independent principalities were called lands. The principalities that were part of the lands were called volosts.

The period of feudal fragmentation was a natural stage in the development of feudalism, through which all states passed in the middle of the century.

The reasons for feudal fragmentation were:

1) princely strife;

2) the absence of a serious external threat to the whole of Russia;

3) natural character of the economy.

The economic basis of feudal fragmentation was the subsistence nature of the economy, in which everything is produced within the feudal patrimony for domestic consumption. At the same time, the country did not constitute a single economic space and was divided into economically closed regions, within which trade exchange took place, agricultural products were exchanged for handicrafts.

The feudal fragmentation and disunity of the Russian principalities made Russia an easy prey for foreign invaders. In 1237, the Mongol Empire launched an offensive against Russian lands. Russia was completely subjugated. In 1242, in the lower reaches of the Volga, Batu Khan created a state Golden Horde.

The Mongol invasion brought great ruin to Russia. Fifty cities were destroyed, in fourteen of them life was no longer revived.

Transit trade was disrupted. The growth of handicraft production stopped. In addition, there was a process of a certain primitivization of the craft and even the disappearance of part of complex industries, which was combined with an increase in the production of simple products.

During this period, such old cities as Kyiv, Vladimir, Ryazan and others lost their primacy not only in the political but also in the economic field. In the domestic and foreign markets, such cities as Tver, Moscow, Kursk, Galich and others began to actively push them. In essence, only two old cities were able to strengthen their positions: Novgorod and Pskov.

The restoration of the economy of the Russian lands took place in unfavorable conditions, with the withdrawal of a surplus product in the form of tribute (or "exit"), the Golden Horde weakened the economy of the Russian principalities. The collection of tribute was not fixed either in size or in time. It was carried out by tax-farmers, who often simply robbed the population. This caused serious discontent in Rus', so in 1257 the Khan of the Golden Horde established a fixed amount of tribute. To control the collection of tribute in Rus', special commissioners were appointed - Basques, but they did not interfere in the internal political life of the Russian principalities. The Mongol-Tatar conquerors also followed a policy of non-interference in the religious affairs of the conquered countries, even granting privileges to the church in paying tribute.

At the end of the XIII century. the Basque Institute practically ceased to exist. From that time on, the only means of influencing the situation in Russia was the issuance of labels for reigning and the provision of military support to one or another prince in the internecine struggle.

The most important political and economic consequence of the Mongol-Tatar invasion is that the yoke played a huge role in the formation of a centralized Russian state. Only by united forces it was possible to get rid of the Mongol yoke.

The initiator of the union is a militarily strong prince, who subjugates weaker neighbors. Boyars and noblemen go to his service, wishing to receive princely awards from the fund of the annexed lands. As a result of the unification, feudal landownership based on the exploitation of dependent peasants is being developed.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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