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23. Reforms of Peter I and their significance for the Russian economy
Reformation in the economic and political life of Russia, a time of fundamental changes, is closely connected with the reign of Peter I. The main goal of the reign of Peter I was to turn Russia into a powerful European power.
Four main directions can be distinguished in the transformative activities of Peter I.
1. Reforms of the state apparatus - administrative and military.
2. Economic and social reforms.
3. Church reforms and transformations in cultural life.
4. Reforms related to raising Russia's international status.
Economic policy during the reign of Peter I was mercantilist character and combined with protectionism in relation to domestic industry. The policy of mercantilism meant encouraging the development of domestic trade and industry with an active foreign trade balance. Encouragement of types of production that were “useful and necessary” from the state’s point of view was combined with a ban or restriction on the production of “unnecessary” goods. The development of industry was dictated by the needs of warfare. The main attention was paid to metallurgy, the center of which moved to the Urals. Copper smelting, silver smelting, and iron factories appeared. The Arsenal and the Admiralty Shipyard grew up in the capital, from the stocks of which 59 large and 200 small ships rolled off during the life of Peter I.
By 1725, the country had 25 textile enterprises, rope and gunpowder manufactories. For the first time, paper, cement, sugar factories, as well as a wallpaper factory were built. The growth of industrial production was based on the intensification of feudal exploitation. Forced labor was widely used at manufactories - the labor of serfs, bought (possession) peasants, as well as the labor of the state (black) peasantry, which was attributed to the plant as a constant source of labor, was used.
Transformations also took place in small-scale production. In 1711, craft schools were established at the manufactories. And by decrees of 1722, a shop device was introduced in the cities. This testified to the patronage of the authorities to the development of crafts.
Agriculture continued to develop exponentially. New crops were introduced - medicinal plants, fruit trees, tobacco, etc.
In the field of domestic and foreign trade an important role was played by the state monopoly on the procurement and sale of basic goods, which significantly replenished the treasury. By the end of Peter's reign, exports of Russian goods were twice as high as imports, and high customs tariffs reliably protected the domestic market.
The reforms of Peter I were of great historical significance, as they contributed to the prosperity of the country. On the other hand, they were carried out by feudal methods. Therefore, the transformations of Peter I initially carried conservative features, which, in the course of the further development of the country, became stronger and could not ensure the elimination of socio-economic backwardness. As a result, Russia in its economic development could not catch up with those countries that embarked on the capitalist path of development.
Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.
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