История экономики. Предпосылки реформ Александра II (самое важное)

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История экономики. Предпосылки реформ Александра II (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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37. Prerequisites for the reforms of Alexander II

Serfdom in Russia existed for a long time, compared with other European countries. In the XNUMXth century during the reign of Catherine II, domestic educators raised the question of the abolition of serfdom, and the Decembrists constantly wrote about this in their programs. However, only by the middle of the XIX century. conditions were formed in the country for granting freedom to peasants, but at the same time the problem of establishing relations between landlords and peasants arose. By this period of time, a huge number of prerequisites for the implementation of agrarian reform had formed.

The first premise appeared landowner's farm, which was based on non-economic coercion of peasants to work, and was in a crisis situation. The efficiency of these farms was constantly declining, and the question of the transition from a natural form of farming to a market one arose more and more acutely. The next prerequisite was accelerated industrial development, resulting in contradictions with feudal relations in the agricultural sector. There was not enough market for industrial enterprises to sell their goods, since the bulk of the population was represented by peasants, as a result of which there was low purchasing power. The industry needed free labor, since serfs occupied the majority of the population and did not have the right to free movement from villages to cities to industrial enterprises.

It was also a prerequisite painful experience by the country of defeat in the Crimean War, the results of which were lagging behind in military and technical terms from other countries of the world, since in France and England there was a steam fleet, new small arms and artillery weapons, and in Russia there was still a sailing fleet and smooth-bore weapons.

The number grew peasant anti-feudal protests, which worried the government of the country. IN 1856 g. Alexander II stated about intentions to abolish serfdom, a huge number of projects and proposals began to arrive in St. Petersburg to find a way out of their current situation in the country. Everyone liked the freedom of speech, and the opportunity to express their thoughts.

At first 1857 g. the leadership of the country began to form Commission и committees with the aim of developing measures for the improvement of landlord peasants. Their members were governors and representatives of the landed estates. The editorial commission for the development of the law on granting freedom to the peasants, which was formed in 1859, included major officials, public figures, economists, etc.

The landowners had different attitudes towards the upcoming changes, most of them were negative about the reform, believing that the peasants were not yet ready to live without their guardianship and control. The members of the leadership also did not adhere to a single opinion, so the Minister of State Property believed that it was not necessary to free the peasants, and this issue was raised by people who do not have real estate.

Many landowners put forward conditions according to which the peasants were freed without allotment of land and for the ransom of their freedom. The minority of the landlords, who managed to adapt to market relations, offered more liberal conditions, i.e. upon liberation, provide the peasants with land and establish a moderate ransom for their personal freedom.

В 1860 g. were prepared documents, which were the results of a compromise between the government and various noble groups. The content of these documents took into account all the objective requirements of the development of the country's economy and politics.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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