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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Combiner and adjustable low-pass filter for the subwoofer channel. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Tone, volume controls

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The proposed schemes are designed just for such cases. Most of them were developed "at the request of the workers." Therefore, by the way, there are few drawings of printed circuit boards - this is a purely individual matter, it depends on the details and the layout as a whole. But a lot depends on the board, including the number of "rakes" that the radio amateur will step on when repeating, so all additions are only welcome. For the time being, I design boards only for "personal use" designs, there is no time for everything ...

During development, two conditions were set:

  • get by with only a 12-volt unipolar power supply, so as not to mess with the manufacture of converters and not to climb inside the amplifier for increased voltage
  • the scheme should be extremely simple and not require special qualifications to repeat

PCB for this device

Combiner and adjustable low-pass filter for the subwoofer channel. Scheme

The first scheme is intended for the simplest installations. Therefore, its characteristics are far from ideal, but the possibilities are quite sufficient. A large range of cutoff frequency tuning allows the subwoofer to be used with almost any acoustic system. If the radio does not have linear outputs - it does not matter. The circuit can also work with the "column" outputs of the radio. To do this, you only need to increase the resistance of the resistors R1, R2 to 33 ... 100 kOhm.

Author: A. Shikhatov; Publication: bluesmobile.com/shikhman

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Technology for measuring time with an accuracy of up to zeptoseconds 02.01.2023

How fast do electrons move between atoms within the same molecule? Most often, they require only a few attoseconds (10^-18 seconds or a millionth of a billionth of a second). Keeping track of such fast processes is challenging, and a team of Australian scientists recently developed a new interference technology capable of measuring time delays with zeptosecond (10^-21 seconds, or trillionth of a billionth of a second) resolution.

As a test, this technology was used to measure the delay between two pulses of light emitted by different hydrogen isotopes, normal hydrogen (H2) and deuterium (D2), which were simultaneously exposed to a single pulse of laser light. The measured delay was less than three attoseconds, and its cause is the difference in the dynamics of motion of lighter and heavier nuclei of hydrogen isotope atoms.

Light was emitted by hydrogen atoms through a process called high harmonic generation (HHG). This process occurs when an electron is knocked out of an atom by a powerful stream of light, which also accelerates the electron to a higher energy (speed). When the electron returns to the "bosom" of the atom, a quantum of hard ultraviolet light (extreme ultraviolet, XUV) is emitted. The frequency, intensity and phase of the secondary radiation strongly depend on the parameters of the wave functions, so all atoms and molecules emit hard ultraviolet with their own unique parameters.

If the spectral intensity of the secondary radiation is measured quite simply, then the measurement of its phase is a much more complex problem, which is beyond the power of traditional spectrometers.

To solve this problem, scientists took advantage of a phenomenon called the Gouy phase. The measurement of the Gouy phase shift of light quanta from hydrogen and deuterium is equivalent in this case to the measurement of the time delay, and the experiments performed have shown that this value is quite stable and slightly less than 3 attoseconds. The work of Australian scientists was tested for "scientific purity" by a group of theoretical physicists from Shanghai University. Chinese scientists modeled all possible variants of generating HHG radiation from two hydrogen isotopes, taking into account all possible combinations of the motion of nuclei and electrons.

The obtained simulation results match the experimental data very well, and this suggests that in the future this technology can be used to study and measure ultrafast processes in atoms and molecules with unprecedented time resolution.

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