8. Imperial type of reproduction: hierarchy of power and property

Imperial or Asiatic type of production - this is a mode of production in which state bodies strive to completely control the very process of production of the necessary and surplus product, as well as its distribution and consumption.

This mode of production is typical for the Eastern states, in the economic development of which there are the following common features:

1) community-state form of farming.

Private property was much rarer, the authorities sought to limit it. As soon as large private land ownership began to grow, the revenues of the treasury fell sharply. In response to this, the state imposed increased taxes on large land holdings, sometimes the sale of land was prohibited for some time, in rare cases the land was confiscated from wealthy landowners. The state economy was a single complex and was managed centrally. The authorities sought to establish their monopoly on the development of subsoil and the use of water bodies. State production covered shipbuilding, coal mining, foundry, etc.;

2) government structure in the form of eastern despotism.

Despotism - a form of autocratic power, translated from Greek means “unlimited power.” In different states it had some differences, but its essence was the same: at the head of the state was a ruler who had full power and was the owner of all the land. Local officials exercised power. Officials not only collected taxes from the population, but also organized construction, agricultural work, and administered justice;

3) the presence of communities of peasants and artisans, who were the main producers of material goods.

Eastern societies were built according to the estate (or caste) principle. Each social group performed a certain economic function. Belonging to a community was a privilege: free community members had much more rights than those who lost their land. The way of life of the community had its own characteristics: it was closed economically, i.e. lived by subsistence farming, she produced everything necessary for her existence. The state intervened in her life mainly when it was necessary to collect taxes or wage war. The main economic unit in the community was a large patriarchal family, which had its own house, property, and garden plot. From the community, she received a plot of land and used the harvest from it, but such plots were considered the property of the entire community and, as a rule, they could not be sold.

The existence of the community was built on traditionalism, strict observance of ancient customs. As a result, the life of the community, both economic and spiritual, was very conservative;

4) the economy was based on the use of forced labor of free residents performing labor duties.

Slave labor remained in the East complementary to the labor of free and dependent peasants and artisans: it did not play a decisive role in economic life;

5) strict hierarchy and the phenomenon of “power-property”.

Each social stratum occupied its well-defined place and differed from others in its social significance, as well as duties, rights and privileges. Therefore, Eastern society is often depicted as a pyramid. Depending on their position, everyone had the right to dispose of a certain part of the surplus product. Thus, each level of power corresponded to a strictly defined part of state property.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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