71. Economic problems of the countries of the "third world"

The term "third world" arose at the stage of active confrontation between the two systems: capitalist and socialist. States that remained aloof from direct participation in this struggle began to be called "third world" or developing countries.

The states of the "Third World" usually include the former colonial and dependent countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. These countries became politically independent, but entangled in networks of economic dependence tied to the foreign capitalist economy, its industrial, scientific and technical base. Abnormal economic relations have been established for a long time between the Western states and most of the developing countries. These relationships were built on non-equivalent trade. Western countries sell their finished industrial products at higher prices and buy raw materials and energy from third world countries at lower prices. As a result, the debt of developing countries to developed countries is growing rapidly.

The interaction of former colonial and dependent countries with highly industrialized powers is their clash with the "challenge" of industrial civilization. It is not easy for developing countries to give a worthy response to such a "challenge": they have to create a new economic structure, look for optimal forms of statehood, get involved in international relations, interact with "foreign" cultural values.

Developing countries can be conditionally divided into several blocks:

1) tropical Africa;

2) Arab countries;

3) Hindu-Buddhist-Muslim bloc;

4) Confucian block;

5) Latin America.

The population in developing countries more often suffers from hunger, disease, poverty, and local ethnic conflicts.

Third world countries are also characterized by the following socio-economic problems:

1) high birth rate and overpopulation.

The demographic problem is generated by the fact that in the second half of the 80th century a population explosion began - the rapid growth of the world's population. XNUMX% of world population growth is in developing countries. While the per capita consumption in these countries remains small compared to the actual needs of the people;

2) underdevelopment of the education system;

3) low level of life expectancy;

4) unemployment;

5) lack of capital;

6) uneven distribution of natural resources.

Integration associations of developing countries play an important role. These countries are interested in integration because they have the same conditions and tasks for economic development. Cooperation gives them advantages in the use of natural and other economic resources unevenly distributed among them. States belonging to the same region, as a rule, differ greatly from each other in many economic indicators, including natural resources, labor force, industrial structure, etc. Integration, on the one hand, gives states that do not have the necessary resources access to their sources. On the other hand, it allows countries that have resources, but are not able to independently develop them, to benefit from their use.

The problems of the multistructural nature of the economy, its dependence on foreign capital, and the role of the external factor have become the focus of attention of scientists from developing countries. Third world theorists, rejecting both capitalism and Soviet-style socialism, were ready to use their experience, relying on their traditions, national and other characteristics.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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