История экономики. Формирование экономики власти (1928

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История экономики. Формирование экономики власти (1928 - 1940 гг.) (самое важное)

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53. Formation of the economy of power (1928 - 1940)

Gradually, the process of completing the NEP began, and the old measures characteristic of war communism were revived. The confiscation of surplus grain was begun, searches of peasants' barns without a legislative basis, posts were established on roads that prevented the transport of grain to the markets of cities. The situation for the preparation of bread in 1927-1928 yyy. became tense, thousands of party members were sent from cities to villages with the aim of forcibly seizing bread, the military was involved in searches for hidden grain.

As a result, NEP was overthrown, there are many opinions on determining the reasons for the curtailment of the NEP.

In 1927, the state established production plans for industrial enterprises. Trusts lost their independence of management and began to act as an intermediary link in the management system, and from 1928 to 1932. have ceased to exist. The syndicates were endowed with an additional function, which consisted in the planned regulation of the economic activities of enterprises, which in 1929 were transformed into industrial associations. The functions of syndicates to regulate wholesale trade were transferred to centralized funds and orders.

The exclusion of private capital from many economic sectors occurred at the beginning 1930 years. This year it was carried out tax reform.

Two types of taxes were introduced:

1) VAT;

2) deductions from profit.

For collective farms, one type of tax was established - income tax, the remaining taxes were eliminated.

С 1930-1932 yyy. completed the implementation of market methods in credit system. Instead of a loan, centralized financing, the circulation of bills of exchange was abolished, and it was prohibited for enterprises to issue commercial loans to each other. For a long time, loans were issued only to collective farms and industrial and consumer cooperatives. Banks ceased to be credit institutions and became at the mercy of the People's Commissariat of Finance.

As a result of the elimination of cooperative banks, the issuance of short-term loans was transferred to the State Bank. in the country by the end of the 1930s. there were seven banks, and in 1959 five long-term investment banks became part of the Stroybank unity, and three banks remained in the country to function.

The Soviet government tried to stabilize wholesale and retail prices in trade, but this circumstance led to a shortage of goods and, ultimately, starting from the second half of 1928 years, was introduced card distribution system. It spread everywhere, first of all, to bread, then to food products, and subsequently to industrial consumer goods.

С 1 January 1935 g. was decided at the end of 1934. abolish the card system for bread, flour, cereals, and then for food products, etc. This process took place in order to improve the standard of living of the population, by implementing the plans of the first five-year plan. Uniform prices for food and industrial goods were introduced.

В 1929 g. statement occurred administrative management system, market relations were forced out.

С 1929 g. started collectivization of agriculture, in some territories they took the form of communes, having full production material conditions and life, in others - partnerships, i.e. the cultivation of the land took place jointly, socialization was carried out with the preservation of peasant allotments. Over time, the main form became agricultural artel, with the preservation of individual farming by peasants and the socialization of material resources. They began to develop simultaneously with collective farms and state farmswhich were in the possession of the state.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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