History of Economics. Nobility and the system of local government in the second half of the 18th century. (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

History of Economics. Nobility and the system of local government in the second half of the 18th century. (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Comments on the article

Table of contents (expand)

26. Nobility and the system of local government in the second half of the XNUMXth century.

During the reign of Catherine II, a number of transformations were carried out, mainly relating to the unified legislative and executive powers of the Empress, and restrictions on the rights of the Senate in the performance of the previous functions that were established under Peter I. 1764 year the empress accepted decision to limit the economic dominance of the church. Catherine II held secularization of church lands, i.e. transferring it to public or private ownership, in accordance with government regulations. As a result of this process, the state budget was replenished. A huge number of monastic peasants found themselves under the jurisdiction of the College of Economy, which eventually received the name economic. After some time they were annexed to the state peasants.

For the purpose of economic development of the country in 1762-1763 Catherine II appealed to foreigners with an appeal to settle in Russia, for which she promised to provide them with tax benefits, freedom of religion, preservation of their culture and language. The colonists who moved from Germany were given the black earth steppe in the Trans-Volga region. They soon created farms, which was an example for the landowners of Russia. In these years, potatoes were brought into the country from Ireland, which became an obligatory cultivated crop in agriculture.

The rights and privileges of the nobles were strengthened and expanded, which was the basis of an absolute monarchy. Catherine II in 1785 year signed "Diploma of law, liberties and advantages of the noble Russian nobility", securing all their rights and privileges, including Russian nobles, Polish gentry, landowners of Ukraine and Belarus, as well as the barons of the Baltic states. They had the right to own land and serfs, and could also transfer them by inheritance, etc. It was forbidden to confiscate noble estates for crimes of a criminal nature, in this case, the estates remained with the heirs.The nobles were not subjected to corporal punishment, the title of nobility could be canceled only by a court decision, and they were not subject to duties and personal taxes. was administrative power, they were recorded in special genealogical books.This book consisted of two parts, one of which recorded the nobles, who were approved by the supreme authority, and the other, who had a noble rank according to the table of ranks. Noble title and family coat of arms, as well as taking part in the meetings of the nobility was the exclusive right of the nobility yours.

The support of the government of this class contributed to their attack on other classes, so they wanted to oust the merchants from agriculture, opposed the rich merchants receiving new sources of increasing prosperity. In some regions of the country, the nobles, who had the right to distillation, did not allow merchants to enter this sphere. The nobles appealed to the government to prohibit citizens of the city and merchants from fishing, cutting wood, etc. As a result, Catherine II approved monopoly right of nobles to own land, to distill alcohol, and to serfs.

Under the influence of the ideas of the enlighteners of France, the empress gradually passed into the form of government enlightened absolutism, the essence of which was the formation of a new system of regulation of social relations, by establishing existing laws and developing new ones. It was assumed that social conflicts between state bodies and society could be avoided on the basis of a social contract.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

<< Back: Peasant question. Agriculture and land use under Catherine II

>> Forward: Socio-economic policy of Paul I

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ General sociology. Lecture notes

▪ Forensic Medicine. Crib

▪ Contract law. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Websites learn how visitors feel 01.01.2016

Anger is easy to see in a person's behavior. Professor Jeffrey Jenkins can now tell how angry you are just by moving your computer mouse.

According to a study conducted by his group, people experiencing anger (or other negative emotions - frustration, excitement, sadness) begin to move the mouse with less accuracy, change the speed of the cursor. Thanks to modern technologies, the professor collected enough information and developed an algorithm that can guess the emotional state of a person by the speed of the cursor moving around the site.

"With this technology, sites will become smarter," says Jenkins. "They will not only give information, but literally feel you. Understand not only the information you provide, but also the feelings that you experience."

According to his research, when a user is upset or excited, the cursor path from straight lines and smooth arcs becomes broken and abrupt. Moreover, an angry or upset person moves the mouse much more slowly than a calm person. Jenkins believes that the new technology will help web designers quickly fix bugs and problems on sites that cause negative emotions for users.

"It's usually pretty hard to pinpoint exactly when a user gets angry and leaves the site without coming back," says the professor. "Now we can feel the backlash and not only restructure the site to reduce stress, but also offer help when needed." .

So far, the system is designed to work with a mouse only, but Jenkins is already planning to modify it for use in smartphones.

Other interesting news:

▪ Algae fuel

▪ Heated seat belts

▪ Cats only play with their owners if they want to.

▪ Interaction of radiation with water

▪ IDrive One external drive with 802.11ac Wi-Fi adapter

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ site section Electric motors. Article selection

▪ Brainwash article. Popular expression

▪ Article Why do boa constrictor victims die? Detailed answer

▪ article Cymbopogon. Legends, cultivation, methods of application

▪ article More about power supplies with a quenching capacitor. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Increasing scarf. Focus secret

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews