История экономики. Создание русского централизованного государства (самое важное)

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История экономики. Создание русского централизованного государства (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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11. Creation of the Russian centralized state

In the era of feudal fragmentation, a change in the economic conditions of the economy, when the social division of labor required new, stable economic ties between various parts of the country, the economic and political centralization of the state, served to unify Russia. The unification of the feudal forces was also necessary to fight the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

The leading role in the unification of the Russian principalities was played by the Moscow principality, which eventually became Ivan Kalita (1325-1340) the basis for the centralization of disunited principalities.

At the first stage of centralization, the struggle between Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow and Tver for becoming the new center of Russia intensified.

After Battle of Kulikovo (1380) the second stage of the unification process began.

Dmitry Donskoydid a lot of work to streamline the collection of taxes from the principalities in favor of the state, tried to create a monetary system independent of the Golden Horde.

An important factor contributing to the consolidation of Russia around Moscow was the activity of the church. From 1326 the metropolitans lived permanently in Moscow. Thus, Moscow received the benefits of the religious center of Russia.

In the first half of the XNUMXth century, a fierce struggle took place against the opponents of centralization, which ended under Ivan III with the victory of the Moscow principality. So, at the third stage of the formation of a centralized state, the Yaroslavl, Rostov, Kozelsk, Tver principalities, the Novgorod Republic and other lands were subordinated to the Moscow principality.

The completion of the unification of Russian lands around Moscow falls on the years of government Ivan III (1462-1505) и Basil III (1505-1533).

Under Ivan III, a centralized apparatus of power begins to take shape, landownership develops, and the role of the nobility increases.

The reign of Ivan III was a time of active growth of landownership and the gradual pushing aside by him of the boyars. The process of active dissemination and legal registration of the local system began. The estate is a land allotment issued for service (often military). The level of exploitation of the peasants in the landlords' farms was much higher than that of the boyar or in the monastic lands. The expansion of the social stratum of the landowners contributed to the strengthening of the centralized Moscow state.

At this time, the economy of Russia is intensively developing, especially such an industry as agriculture. The basis of progress in agriculture was the almost universal transition to three fields. The use of organic fertilizers has become a necessary component of agricultural work.

Crafts and the mining industry also developed. The production of firearms began. The development of crafts led to the development of commodity-money relations, domestic and foreign trade. The process of organizing and regulating foreign trade was concentrated in the hands of the Moscow sovereign.

International relations were actively developed. The marriage of Ivan III to the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Sophia Paleolog in 1472 not only strengthened the position of the Moscow autocracy, but also raised the status of the Russian church. The Moscow state had a Byzantine coat of arms - a double-headed eagle, which was connected with the former Moscow coat of arms with the image of George the Victorious. At the same time, the Moscow sovereigns also acquired the Monomakh's cap, a golden filigree pointed headdress of the Central Asian work of the XNUMXth century with a sable edge, decorated with precious stones and a cross, a symbol of the heritage of the Byzantine crown. Since that time, the doctrine appeared, according to which Moscow is the Third Rome.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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