86. Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial activity in Russia: history and modernity

Businessman is the main character of the market economy. It is he who, deciding what, how and for whom to produce, organizes the production of goods and services. The purpose of entrepreneurial activity is to make a profit. But, guided by considerations of personal gain, the entrepreneur takes the risk and responsibility for the production of those goods and services that will be in demand. And in this regard, it performs a very important economic function.

In Rus' since ancient times they knew how and loved to trade. Everyone was engaged in entrepreneurship: peasants, petty bourgeois, nobility. The largest trading organization was the economy of the royal court, those who were supposed to do this because of their class affiliation - merchants - traded.

In the middle of the XVII century. merchant Vasily Shorin created a huge commercial and industrial empire in Russia. He organized a system of wholesale and retail trade that covered almost the entire country, sent trading expeditions overseas and provided loans to foreign merchants.

Kursk merchant Grigory Shelikhov created a powerful Russian-American company and presented Alaska to Russia, ousting the French, British and Spaniards from there in the fiercest competitive struggle.

Russian merchants, having survived their "golden age", managed to adapt to the innovations introduced by Peter I and survive all the upheavals of the turbulent XNUMXth century.

At the beginning of the XIX century. The Russian government carried out two reforms that hit the business class. Taxes were increased and duties on imported goods were reduced. In Russia, the mass ruin of domestic entrepreneurs began. Their number began to decline already in the XNUMXth century, but now this process has become catastrophic.

From 1800 to 1824 the number of merchants in Moscow halved, and three times in the European part of the country as a whole. The core of the estate was destroyed - the old merchant dynasties, the keepers of centuries of experience, knowledge, and the spirit of Russian enterprise. Two decades later, the situation began to improve. New entrepreneurs appeared, often coming from peasants. Among them Ryabushinsky M.Ya., founder of the first weaving factory in Russia (1846).

For many decades after the October Revolution of 1917, Russia had a centrally planned system of economic organization in which private enterprise was given a modest place.

In the development of modern society, the economic reform of 1965 was the first attempt to liberalize the conditions for the development of entrepreneurial activity. In economic life, a boost was given to commerce and entrepreneurial activity.

Now entrepreneurial activity in Russia is actively developing. Business has flooded all areas of the Russian economy: trade, manufacturing, services. In addition to economic tasks, the Russian entrepreneur today also performs a number of social functions.

Entrepreneurs are interested in developing centers for advanced training and retraining of workers. Businessmen see the payment of bonuses and scholarships to talented students, scientists, cultural figures, and athletes as their second most important social mission (after creating jobs). The people do not regard this task as a top priority. The emergence of new jobs is more desirable for entrepreneurs than for the population.

But 60% of entrepreneurs, who are familiar with financial and organizational difficulties firsthand, are sure that the main thing for Russian business today is efficiency, not social programs. After all, many small firms barely make ends meet, trying to secure a reserve for the future.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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