29. Industrialization in England

Scientists call England a country of exemplary industrialization and the birthplace of the industrial revolution.

In the middle of the XNUMXth century, the industrial revolution began in England, which was facilitated by the following factors:

1) the abolition of serfdom and the elimination of feudal fragmentation;

2) the forcible dispossession of peasants in the process of fencing ensured the emergence of a free labor force, the so-called paupers. By the middle of the XNUMXth century, the class of the peasantry, as small producers, had disappeared. The laws of the government, called bloody, contributed to this process - the ruined peasants were forcibly sent to enterprises;

3) as a result of the colonial trade, the slave trade, significant financial resources were accumulated to subsidize technical research;

4) religious tolerance for scientific research, proclaimed back in the XNUMXth century, allowed scientists not to be afraid of persecution;

5) in the course of the bourgeois revolution, the English bourgeoisie gained access to power, and feudal remnants in industry, trade and agriculture were eliminated;

6) an important role was played by the fact that the field of activity for English capitalism was not only the city, but also the countryside. In England, the countryside not only did not hold back the transition to capitalism, but, on the contrary, the base for the most important industry, cloth-making, was concentrated here.

The Industrial Revolution began in England with the cotton industry. In 1733

D. Kay invented the so-called shuttle-plane, which improved the loom. This allowed the production of wider fabrics and much faster. From that moment began "age of textiles"... In 1765 g.

D. Hargreavesa spinning machine was created, which increased the productivity of spinners several times over.

In 1771 entrepreneur R. Arkwright built the first factory in which a spinning machine was used, and after 20 years there were already 150 factories in England.

In 1769 was

D. Watt invented the steam engine, and 15 years later - its more advanced model - double action, thereby opening "age of couple", which, in a few decades, will replace the "age of textiles".

The transport problem was also solved. Since 1785 to 1835 the country was covered with a dense network of paved roads, canals and railways. As a result, the cost of transportation decreased by an average of 3 times.

In 1807, the first steamship was launched and a steam fleet began to take shape.

The leadership of British technical thought, as well as the early development of the raw material base, provided England with a dominant position in engineering. British technology was in demand in Europe in connection with the railway construction unfolding there. British colonies and dependent territories were completely dependent on the supply of British goods and technology.

During this period, England abandoned the policy of protectionism and reduced or eliminated duties on goods imported from most European countries and urged them to follow their example. As a result of the industrial revolution in England, shipbuilding, cloth making, the production of gunpowder and paper, and coal mining successfully developed.

Agriculture in England was dominated by large landownership. Landowners earned rent by leasing land to farmers. To make a profit, farmers used advanced agricultural technology, the latest fertilizers. As a result, agricultural productivity in England has become much higher than in other countries.

Until the 70s of the XIX century, England remained the leading industrial power and was rightfully considered the "workshop of the world."

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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