История экономики. Киевская Русь (самое важное)

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История экономики. Киевская Русь (самое важное)

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9. Kievan Rus

В IX century state was formed Kievan Rus. Kievan Rus laid the foundation for statehood among the Eastern Slavs. Kievan Rus is considered an early feudal state - feudal relations during this period are only in their infancy, two main classes are being formed: feudal lords and feudal-dependent peasantry. The bulk of the population were peasants.

The following categories of dependent peasants can be distinguished:

1) serfs - slaves;

2) purchases - peasants who have taken a loan and work for their creditors until the return of the debt;

3) ryadovichi - peasants working under a contract;

4) smerds - peasants who left the communities under the rule of the prince, as well as resettled on the lands of the prince, representatives of the liberated peoples. The prince gave them land, provided protection, and for this protection and land they were obliged to pay dues and participate in military campaigns.

There were also independent peasantswho ran their households on communal land. Over time, the communal land became the property of the Grand Duke.

The feudal class consisted of: Grand Duke, representatives of the senior squad of the prince, boyars, descendants of old local aristocratic families, local princes.

The completion of the formation of the state structure and the development of feudal relations made it necessary to codify ancient Russian law.

Code of Laws of Kievan Rus It was called Pravda Russkaya. Created in 1072. From 1068 to 1072, a new legislation was developed under the name "Truth of the Yaroslavichs". This legislation supplemented the old "Russian Truth", which did not meet the requirements of the development of society. Blood feuds have been replaced by fines. The new "Pravda" punished for violation of property rights and personal safety of residents. The new law attempts to preserve the internal order in the country.

An important role in the development of feudal relations was played by Christianity, adopted by Russia during the reign of Vladimir I. The monasteries and the church were large landowners, collecting huge taxes from the peasants living on church lands.

The economy of Kievan Rus had a predominantly subsistence nature, the main industry was agriculture. By the XNUMXth century, more advanced tools (ploughs, harrows) appeared, and they began to use the three-field system.

The craft has reached a high level. The pottery industry became widespread.

New forms of handicraft production arose, which were characteristic only for Rus' - artels and contracts. The construction of city walls, towers, laying of pavements were carried out by artels.

In the XI-XII centuries, the craft begins to move to the stage of commodity production. Craftsmen sold products to merchants who took them to remote areas.

There were 8 markets in Kyiv, each of which was specialized.

Of great importance for Russia was international trade. Kievan Rus was on transit trade routes. The trade route from Asia to Northern Europe led along the Volga and Dnieper to the Baltic Sea. This allowed Russian merchants to trade in Asian and European markets.

The development of trade led to the emergence of the monetary system.

Initially, in Russia, cattle and expensive furs served as money. Gold coins from Byzantium and Arab countries were used, silver coins from Western Europe, mainly in foreign trade.

From the end of the X century. in Russia they began to mint their own coin.

The development of commodity-money relations contributed to the concentration of large sums of money in the hands of merchants, who began to actively engage in usury. Under the influence of popular unrest, the princely government tried to limit usury.

Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh в 1113 Mr.. issued a "Decree on cuts", which forbade usurers to set the annual interest rate above 50.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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