История экономики. Начало перестройки. Программа 500 дней (самое важное)

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История экономики. Начало перестройки. Программа 500 дней (самое важное)

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73. Beginning of perestroika. 500 days program

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU after the death of K.U. Chernenko, in March 1985 becomes M.S. Gorbachev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers - N.I. Ryzhkov. From this period of time, a new and final stage in the development of the USSR began, which was called perestroika. The elected leadership began to carry out reforms of all social structures, as well as economic transformations.

В May 1985 years was approved decree The Central Committee of the CPSU and the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on reducing the production of alcoholic beverages and their sales, breweries began to be liquidated, the production of glass bottles was closed, and much more, which led to the growth of underground moonshine.

One of the initial ways out of the country's crisis situation was the way accelerating its social and economic development. This path consisted in realizing an annual increase in national income of more than 4%, due to the extraction of fuel and raw materials, investments, and the involvement of a huge number of people in the production process. Consequently, it was necessary, through the introduction of modern equipment, and hence the acceleration of the rate of increase in mechanical engineering, as well as the attraction of investments in these industries, to ensure an increase in labor productivity.

To control the growth of the level of product quality, an instance was created, called Gospriemka, endowed with the rights to reject low-quality products and punish those responsible for defects in production. Since the production was not equipped with advanced technology and qualified specialists, a huge number of accidents occurred, for example, at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986.

The beginning of economic restructuring was marked by June 1987 years, upon acceptance"Law on State Enterprise". According to this law, the heads and teams of enterprises were given the right to independently enter the foreign market, as well as conduct joint activities with foreign countries. In practice, this gave enterprises greater freedom in distributing their own profits. They could either contribute to its production or increase the wages of workers.In general, enterprises chose the second direction, which did not ensure scientific and technological development.

The country began to develop lease relations, in order to increase the interest of workers in the final results of their work. In April 1989 years was accepted "Lease Law", which granted the right to the labor collective to rent their enterprise from the state, and then privatize it by buying it out.

The formation of new forms of production associations took place in the period 1989-1991 yyy., were created concerns and corporations, united by the common interests of the heads of enterprises, the purpose of which was the profitable privatization of the republican and union institutions, which sought to reserve decisions on financing issues.

В 1990 year arose"500 days program", which was proposed by a team of economists headed by Academician S. Shatalin. It was approved by the Supreme Council of the RSFSR.

The main directions of this program were the restoration of private ownership of all production factors, the introduction of antimonopoly measures, the privatization of enterprises, the recognition of the sovereignty of the Union republics, the reduction of government spending by stopping the construction of large industrial enterprises, providing assistance to various countries and crushing military spending. At first, the program was accepted by the government of the country, but then, due to some hesitation, was rejected.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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