43. Agriculture in the post-reform period

The development of market relations in the agrarian sector of the economy was hampered by the remnants of serfdom. Large sums of payments were laid on millions of peasants. At the same time, the oppression of the community was added to the power of the landlords, who had the right to impose a fine on the peasants who worked on holidays or sentence them to exile in Siberia for adultery. The development of agriculture was carried out slowly, but in the years 1880-1890 market relations also penetrated into agriculture. began to happen social differentiation of peasants, there were changes in the essence of the landowner economy, there was an increase in the focus of specialized farms on the market and regions.

В 1880 years various peasant strata, so began to form layer of wealthy peasantswho had their own allotments and allotments of community members who became impoverished. The next folding layer was introduced fistsrunning a business enterprise. They used hired labor of farm laborers, sent a huge volume of products to the market, which contributed to the growth of the level of marketability of their production. The peasants who were poor also formed their own stratum, among them stood out a group of households that had lost their economic independence. They went to the cities and were hired as farm laborers, thereby forming a labor market for industrial enterprises and kulaks. This group of peasants received a certain payment for their work, which gave them the opportunity to influence the demand for consumer goods.

The creation of a layer of prosperous peasants contributed to the formation of a stable demand for fertilizers, seeds, livestock, a certain breed, agricultural machinery, which as a result developed the market economy of Russia.

Changes also took place in the landowners' farms, since they did not have the right to force the peasants to work on their lands. A layer of prosperous peasants quickly wanted to buy their allotments from them and not work out the segments that arose after 1861. The peasants who went to the city and were hired as laborers did not want to work out the ransom, since it was profitable for them to work there and get paid for it.

Landowners, in order to profit from farming, had to purchase new machines, seeds, fertilizers, which required investment of capital and highly qualified managers. However, not all landowners were able to adapt to the new economic conditions and some of them were forced to mortgage their farms to credit institutions or sell them.

In the southern steppes and in the Ukraine began to be created large estates - savings, consisting of several thousand acres of land and the production of which was aimed at the foreign market. They operated with good technology and used hired labor. As a result of these changes, the level of production in the agricultural sector of the economy in the country has increased markedly, and the harvest of grain and potatoes, as well as sugar beets, has increased.

However, despite this, by the end of the 1861th century, the issue of agriculture was acute, since the reform of 1861 was not completed. The peasant shortage of land rapidly increased, since the population living in the villages almost doubled in 1899-1, and the size of allotments per capita of the male decreased by more than 5 times. During this period of time, peasants paid huge tax payments.

The agricultural sector lagged behind in terms of equipment, the use of agricultural techniques, which as a result had an impact on the economic condition of the country, as well as social tension, since the population of the village occupied more than half of the total population.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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