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49. Growing crisis phenomena in the economy and the beginning of the NEP
As a result of huge losses during the First World War and the Civil War, for Soviet Russia, the end 1920 g. was characteristic economic crisis. Thus, industry produced seven times less products compared to 1913, and railway freight turnover decreased by more than four times. As a result of fighting, wounds and illnesses, hunger, there were enormous human losses, about 10 million people died, about 1-5 million people emigrated. The war years and the time of collapse of the national economy caused a decrease in the number of workers employed in industry, so in 1920 g. it was equal to 1 million 270 thousand people, decreased by almost half compared to 1913. The number of unemployed in cities increased, many began to move to the countryside and master handicraft production in order to save themselves from hunger. During this period, Moscow lost half of its population, Petrograd about two-thirds, almost 5 million people went to the villages.
In Russia from 1921 to 1922. existed hunger, at the beginning about 20% of the country's population starved. The main reason was the existence of surplus appropriation, since the family fund was confiscated from the peasants in the spring, there were no food reserves in the country, and there was a great drought in the Volga region.
The peasants who participated in the civil war along with the Bolsheviks stubbornly opposed the policy of war communism. The explanation for this was the lack of economic incentives for the development of agricultural production. The Soviet government maintained the application of emergency measures to the peasants and demanded that they properly fulfill the conditions of the surplus appropriation regarding the supply of grain to the cities, while promising them to return the debts for bread. Peasants everywhere reacted to these demands anti-government uprising. Large detachments were formed in Ukraine, in the Tambov and Voronezh regions, in the Volga region, in the Urals, Kuban, etc. The Red Army was sent against them, whose military leaders were M. Frunze, S. Kamenev, S. Budenov, etc. Military equipment and poisonous gases were used against peasant detachments that were hiding in the forests.
The reason for the suppression of the policy of war communism was not a peasant uprising, to a greater extent for the Soviet government, the danger was the expression of discontent of the workers in the cities. As a result of the announcement to the workers about the reduction of bread rations in February 1921. Strikes and demonstrations of factory workers took place in Petrograd. Against the protests, a state of siege was introduced in the city and an order was issued not to issue boots to the Red Army soldiers; in order to prevent them from going over to the side of the strikers, mass arrests took place.
Mutiny of Sailors and Red Army Soldiers of Kronstadt was larger, they put forward demands against the policies of the Bolsheviks. This rebellion was brutally suppressed by order of the government, and in March 1921 g. IN AND. Based on these speeches, Lenin determined that in order to save the revolution in Russia, it was urgently necessary to establish an agreement with the peasantry and tighten measures to combat political parties, destroying their influence on workers employed in the industrial sector.
As a result of this, the Soviet government, on the one hand, decided to revise its economic policy, on the other hand, it began to suppress various attempts to democratize society and expand the rights and freedoms of citizens.
Thus, the transition to the formation of a new economic policy (NEPU) contributed to the government's failure to enforce the brutal laws and decrees it had created and the realization that insisting on their harsh enforcement would lead to economic disaster.
Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.
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