1. The history of economics as a science. Periodization of economic history

History of economics studies the process of economic development of society in a historical perspective. Economic history consists of the history of the economy of various peoples.

The task of the history of economics is to determine the characteristics of the economic development of individual countries, as well as common features and patterns of economic development.

The history of economics as a science is located on the border of two disciplines - history and economics. As an independent science, it stood out at the end of the XNUMXth century. Socio-economic processes have been studied before, but since that time there has been a qualitative breakthrough in research on economic history. At the same time, works appeared in Russia V. Ulyanov, M. Tugan-Baranovsky, P. Milyukov, dedicated to the history of economic development in Russia. Works on economic history appeared in the West M.Weber, W.Sombart, A.Toynbee.

There are several approaches to the periodization of the history of the economy:

1) periodization according to Hildenbrandt-Bücher - the division of historical eras was based on the length of the path that a commodity-product covers when moving from a producing economy to a consuming one:

a) subsistence farming (from ancient times to the middle of the XNUMXth century). The length of the path, no more than a mile, from the farmer's field through the mill to his and the master's house;

b) money economy (until the end of the XNUMXth century). The length of the path reaches several tens of miles from the peasant's field or from the artisan's workshop, through the market with the help of a merchant to the homes of consumers;

c) credit economy (since the beginning of the XNUMXth century). The length of the path reaches several thousand miles from fields, mines, mines from all over the world, with the help of merchants and bankers, to European markets and factories, and from there to the homes of consumers, and in the opposite direction other goods, as well as raw materials, machinery and equipment;

2) periodization according to K. Marx, the division is based on the type of ownership of the means of production, which determines the nature of the method of production and the entire social system:

a) primitive communal system (from the XNUMXth millennium to the XNUMXth century BC) The main means of production is land. There is no private ownership of land, hence there is no exploitation and class stratification;

b) the slave system (from the XNUMXth century BC to the XNUMXth century AD). Private property appears, including for slaves. The exploitation of slaves brings a surplus product to the slave owners. A division into classes is formed - slaves and slave owners - and contradictions arise between them;

c) the feudal system (from the XNUMXth century to the XNUMXth century). Land is the main object of private property, a source of surplus product and exploitation. Rent becomes the main social relation, the main classes are peasants and feudal lords;

d) the capitalist system (XIX century). The means of production in industry become the main object of private property. The main social relation is surplus value (capital), the main classes are workers and capitalists;

e) the communist system comes with the victory of the workers over the bourgeoisie. The means of production pass into public ownership. Exploitation and stratification into classes do not exist;

3) historical and chronological periodization:

a) ancient (XXXIII-VIII centuries BC);

b) antique (from the XNUMXth century BC to the XNUMXth century AD);

c) medieval (from the XNUMXth century to the middle of the XNUMXth century);

d) revival (from the middle of the XNUMXth century to the middle of the XNUMXth century);

e) enlightenment (from the middle of the XNUMXth century to the last quarter of the XNUMXth century);

f) free competition (from the last quarter of the XNUMXth century to the last quarter of the XNUMXth century);

g) monopolistic competition (from the last quarter of the XNUMXth century to the middle of the XNUMXth century);

h) market economy.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

>> Forward: Nomadism and Settlement. Appropriating and producing economy. Rise of civilizations

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