2. Nomadism and settled way of life. Appropriating and producing economy. Rise of civilizations

In the history of the economy of primitive society, the following periods are distinguished:

1) Paleolithic - the ancient Stone Age (400-40 thousand years BC);

2) Mesolithic - Middle Stone Age (40-14 thousand years BC);

3) Neolithic - New Stone Age.

The economy of primitive society had the following characteristic features:

1) creation of vital goods on the basis of collective labor;

2) collective communal ownership of the means of production;

3) egalitarian distribution of life's blessings.

The first economic unit of primitive people was the tribal community, which came to the place of the primitive herd. The tribal community is based on the joint management of the economy, the division of labor was carried out according to gender and age. Each community existed autonomously, that is, separately from the other community, independently of it.

nomadism originated at the end of the 2nd - beginning of the 1st millennium BC. in the course of the social division of labor when cattle breeding was identified as an independent type of economy. Nomadism contributed to the development and settlement of previously uninhabited areas and the development of ties between tribes. The ancient tribes developed the rudiments of barter transactions. The nomads combined their main occupation - cattle breeding - with gathering and hunting. During this period, the most primitive stone, wood, and bone tools were used.

With the advent of new stone processing techniques, more advanced tools, including agricultural ones, began to be created. In this regard, agriculture began to develop at a faster pace. The development of agriculture led to sedentary lifestyle and contributed to the formation of peasant villages.

Appropriating economy - This is the simplest form of economic activity, including gathering and hunting.

With the invention of more advanced tools, the appropriating economy is replaced by the producing economy.

Producing farm - this is a form of economic activity in which there is a transition from the appropriation of finished products of nature to their production with the help of human activity. Primitive people consciously began to domesticate animals, cultivate cereals, and master simple crafts. The emergence of such skills and abilities has allowed people to systematically achieve sustainable results and be less dependent on the natural environment. Thus, the tribal community of hunters and fishermen was replaced by a tribal community of farmers and cattle breeders.

Ancient civilizations, originated at the dawn of human history, are also called primary, as they have grown directly from the primitive. Unlike later civilizations, they were not yet preceded by a civilizational tradition whose experience could be used. On the contrary, primary civilizations had to create it themselves, overcoming primitiveness.

In the IV-III millennium BC. centers of civilizations arose in Egypt, in the valley of the Nile River, as well as in Mesopotamia - between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The foundations of the Egyptian and Babylonian civilizations were laid there. Later, in the III-II millennia BC. In the Indus River Valley, Indian civilization was born, and in the XNUMXnd millennium, in the Yellow River Valley, Chinese civilization.

Let's note some facets separating primitiveness from civilization:

1) a clearer division of labor;

2) the emergence of various social strata of society, differing from each other in material status, professional characteristics, etc.;

3) the appearance of writing;

4) the emergence of cities.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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