History of Economics. Economic development of Russia under Catherine II (most important)

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History of Economics. Economic development of Russia under Catherine II (most important)

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24. Economic development of Russia under Catherine II

The reign of Catherine II left a noticeable mark in the history of Russia. Her policy of "enlightened absolutism" was characteristic of many European states of that time and assumed the rule of a "wise man on the throne." The desire to match this image did not prevent Catherine from strengthening the oppression of serfdom.

As before, the leading branch of the Russian economy was agriculture. Due to the development of new lands, the production of bread increased significantly.

In the second half of the XNUMXth century, two regions finally took shape using different forms of exploitation. Corvee dominated in the black earth regions, and in regions with infertile soil - cash dues.

During this period, peasant crafts were greatly developed, especially in the non-chernozem zone. In the Tver province, leather crafts became widespread, in the Nizhny Novgorod province - metalworking. Handicraft production gradually developed into manufacturing.

In the second half of the XVIII century there was a further growth of manufactories. In addition, the organizational forms and types of manufactories changed. The patrimonial manufactories were located in the noble estates, serfs worked for them, for whom it was a kind of corvée.

Increased merchant enterprises, mainly in light industry. As a rule, hired workers worked at merchant manufactories. Wage workers were, as a rule, quitrent serfs, and only in the course of time did they buy themselves free and join merchant guilds.

In the 60s and 70s, the number of civilian workers almost doubled, and this is how the labor market gradually formed.

In 1762, it was forbidden to buy serfs for factories, and the assignment of peasants to enterprises was also stopped. After 1762, the newly opened manufactories began to work on freelance labor.

In the second half of the XNUMXth century, the process of formation of the all-Russian market continued. The number of fairs has steadily increased, the status of fairs has risen, and they are becoming the economic centers of the regions.

In 1754, internal customs duties were eliminated, which also contributed to the development of the all-Russian commodity market.

Exports outnumbered imports. Metal, hemp, linen, sailcloth, timber, and bread were exported from Russia. Added new points of foreign trade - St. Petersburg and Odessa.

During this period, the first banks appeared in Russia. In 1754, the Noble and Commercial banks began their work.

In 1769, as a result of the monetary reform, paper money was put into circulation - banknotes in the amount of 1 million rubles. By 1786, more than 46 million rubles were issued to cover budget expenditures, of which half could have been covered by copper money. Banknotes depreciated, the attempt to withdraw them from circulation failed. Only by the middle of the XNUMXth century did the Russian financial system stabilize.

The emergence of various types of manufactories, the development of the all-Russian commodity market, the use of freelance labor and the increase in the role of commodity-money relations testified to the formation of new social and production relations and the creation of prerequisites for the development of capitalism in Russia.

Authors: Zilbertova T.N., Takhtomysova D.A.

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